{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:40:58Z","timestamp":1781350858115,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU","award":["Excellence hubs\/0524\/0206\/Botanicas"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Excellence hubs\/0524\/0206\/Botanicas"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Origanum dubium, mainly grown in the Mediterranean region, is one of the less extensively studied species among the oregano class. Oregano species are recognized for their significant pharmaceutical properties, primarily attributed to carvacrol and other phenolic compounds. The goal of this study was to establish a sustainable method for the extraction of carvacrol, total phenolic, and total flavonoid compounds (TPC and TFC, respectively). Pulse-mode ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UPAE) was employed, using ethanol\u2013water mixtures as green solvents, for the extraction of the bioactive compounds from the plant material. A Box\u2013Behnken design (BBD) coupled with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction process with respect to the extraction temperature, extraction time, ethanol-to-water ratio of the solvent and power amplitude of the ultrasonic processor. The responses of carvacrol (determined by HPLC-PDA), TPC, and TFC (determined by spectrometric methods) were evaluated by RSM. The statistical model identified the optimal extraction conditions, which were a combination of increased extraction temperature (70 \u00b0C) for 26 min with an intermediate ethanol\u2013water ratio (60%) at the maximum processor\u2019s power amplitude (100%). These conditions led to the optimal response of the three measured parameters. The optimized parameters represent a green and efficient approach to obtain bioactive-enriched extracts from Origanum dubium, suitable for potential applications in functional foods, preservatives, or other applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30234620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T16:47:37Z","timestamp":1764780457000},"page":"4620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Green, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Carvacrol-Rich Origanum dubium Extracts: A Multi-Response Optimization Toward High-Value Phenolic Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Psichoudaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus"},{"name":"University of Nicosia Research Foundation (UNRF), Makedonitissas Avenue 46, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6822-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiannis","family":"Sarigiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2785-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evroula","family":"Hapeshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103978","article-title":"Oregano Oil-Nanoemulsions: Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anticancer Potentials","volume":"78","author":"Manaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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