{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:10:01Z","timestamp":1789517401348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Gangwon State (G.S.), Republic of Korea","award":["2025-RISE-10-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-10-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. This study investigated the anticancer mechanisms of eupatilin, a pharmacologically active flavonoid derived from Artemisia species, in human OSCC YD-10B cells. Eupatilin significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of approximately 50 \u03bcM. Flow cytometric analysis revealed G0\/G1 phase arrest accompanied by downregulation of Cyclin D1 and CDK2, and upregulation of p21. Annexin V\/Propidium Iodide staining and Western blotting confirmed apoptosis induction through activation of Bax, cleaved caspase-3\/9, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, alongside suppression of Bcl-2. Furthermore, eupatilin markedly decreased both the mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, indicating its potential to inhibit cancer cell invasion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that eupatilin exerts potent antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects on OSCC cells via cell-cycle modulation and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. This study provides the first evidence of eupatilin\u2019s therapeutic potential against OSCC, suggesting its promise as a natural compound for the development of safer and more effective treatments for oral cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30244666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T13:17:07Z","timestamp":1764940627000},"page":"4666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anti-Invasive and Apoptotic Effect of Eupatilin on YD-10B Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1475-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, 83, Sangjidae-gil, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, 83, Sangjidae-gil, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suk-Yul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oakland University, 433 Meadow Brook Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, 83, Sangjidae-gil, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-023-00249-w","article-title":"Oral squamous cell carcinomas: State of the field and emerging directions","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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