{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:13:16Z","timestamp":1791587596194,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, yet the contribution of elemental imbalance to its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Experimental evidence suggests that disturbances in the concentrations of essential and toxic elements contribute to neuronal injury through excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this study, we examined regional concentration in 15 elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, V, Pb, Al, B) in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats underwent MCAO or sham surgery, after which the contralateral cortex, dorsal striatum, and hippocampus were collected seven days post-surgery. Elemental concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and analyzed by Student\u2019s t-test, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The t-test revealed widespread changes in Ca, while Na was least affected. PCA identified three principal components that explained 81.63% of the variance, with Mn, Zn, Se, K, Mg, Fe, and P contributing most strongly. Cluster analysis distinguished MCAO from sham groups and revealed region-specific responses. Our findings demonstrate long-lasting, region-dependent elemental imbalance after stroke, suggesting a valuable role of elemental profiling. Future investigations should aim to identify elements whose concentrations exhibit alterations not only within central nervous system regions but also in peripheral compartments, such as blood serum, as these changes may hold significant diagnostic and prognostic value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30244672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T13:17:07Z","timestamp":1764940627000},"page":"4672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metallomic Aspects of Stroke and Recovery: ICP-MS Study with Chemometric Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Rospond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0274-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Matusiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30\/34 Che\u0142mska Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2880-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta U.","family":"Stolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30\/34 Che\u0142mska Str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5843-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Pomierny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Bioimaging Laboratory, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Krzy\u017canowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7014-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw W.","family":"Szafra\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6835-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Doro\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004597","article-title":"Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"48","author":"Herpich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0979","DOI":"10.23938\/ASSN.0979","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Ictus in Europe: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Soto","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Sist. Sanit. Navar."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e65345","article-title":"A Modified Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model to Study Stroke Outcomes in Aged Mice","volume":"195","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12166","article-title":"Preclinical Animal Studies in Ischemic Stroke: Challenges and Some Solutions","volume":"4","author":"Narayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Model. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01398.x","article-title":"Preclinical Stroke Research\u2014Advantages and Disadvantages of the Most Common Rodent Models of Focal Ischaemia","volume":"164","author":"MacRae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, L., Hu, S., Zeng, L., Chen, R., Li, H., Yu, J., and Yang, H. (2023). Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke with Different Forms of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071007"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005856","article-title":"Urinary Cadmium Concentration and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111394","article-title":"Urinary Cadmium and Stroke\u2014A Case-Cohort Study in Danish Never-Smokers","volume":"200","author":"Poulsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MT00080C","article-title":"Cadmium-Zinc Exchange and Their Binary Relationship in the Structure of Zn-Related Proteins: A Mini Review","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01441-6","article-title":"Association Between the Change of Serum Copper and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, G., Huang, Y., Xie, G., and Tang, J. (2024). Exploring Copper\u2019s Role in Stroke: Progress and Treatment Approaches. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1409317"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo3959","article-title":"Copper-Induced Cell Death","volume":"375","author":"Kahlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209735","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2209735","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine Enables Copper Homeostasis in Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion via Ferredoxin 1","volume":"55","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rospond, B., Krakowska, A., Piotrowska, J., Pomierny, B., Krzy\u017canowska, W., Szewczyk, B., Szafra\u0144ski, P., Doro\u017cynski, P., and Paczosa-Bator, B. (2025). Multidimensional Analysis of Selected Bioelements in Rat\u2019s Brain Subjected to Stroke Procedure and Treatment with H2S Donor AP-39. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2025.127628"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2012.12.050","article-title":"Investigation of Elemental Changes in Brain Tissues Following Excitotoxic Injury","volume":"306","author":"Siegele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mfae054","DOI":"10.1093\/mtomcs\/mfae054","article-title":"X-Ray Fluorescence Mapping of Brain Tissue Reveals the Profound Extent of Trace Element Dysregulation in Stroke Pathophysiology","volume":"16","author":"Pushie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00685","article-title":"Ion Dyshomeostasis in the Early Hyperacute Phase after a Temporary Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke","volume":"15","author":"Pushie","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2010.01.003","article-title":"Calcium, Ischemia and Excitotoxicity","volume":"47","author":"Szydlowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2734","article-title":"Zinc in the Physiology and Pathology of the CNS","volume":"10","author":"Sensi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.171","article-title":"Tau-Mediated Iron Export Prevents Ferroptotic Damage after Ischemic Stroke","volume":"22","author":"Tuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1416","article-title":"The Role of Iron and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Death","volume":"10","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2478\/v10102-012-0009-2","article-title":"Toxicity of Lead: A Review with Recent Updates","volume":"5","author":"Flora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02733-y","article-title":"Are Essential Trace Elements Effective in Modulation of Mental Disorders? Update and Perspectives","volume":"200","author":"Shayganfard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276393","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/276393","article-title":"Link between Aluminum and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Integration of the Aluminum and Amyloid Cascade Hypotheses","volume":"2011","author":"Kawahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901748","article-title":"Manganese and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Critical Review and New Findings","volume":"118","author":"Guilarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2023.06.022","article-title":"Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"161","author":"Rigual","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"644","article-title":"Injury and Repair Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke: Considerations for the Development of Novel Neurotherapeutics","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przykaza, \u0141. (2021). Understanding the Connection Between Common Stroke Comorbidities, Their Associated Inflammation, and the Course of the Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Cascade. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.782569"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.11.003","article-title":"Molecular Targets in Cerebral Ischemia for Developing Novel Therapeutics","volume":"54","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488935","DOI":"10.1080\/17590914.2025.2488935","article-title":"Assessment of Phase-Dependent Alterations in Cortical Glycolytic and Mitochondrial Metabolism Following Ischemic Stroke","volume":"17","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20167","article-title":"Ischemia-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Astrocytes","volume":"50","author":"Giffard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.07.026","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke and Intervention Strategies Based on the Timeline of Stroke Progression: Review and Prospects","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro202312301116","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Stroke and Its Correction","volume":"123","author":"Martynov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psihiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.64806","article-title":"Dodging Blood Brain Barrier with \u201cNano\u201d Warriors: Novel Strategy against Ischemic Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Parvez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6006","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0111-0","article-title":"Nrf2-a Promising Therapeutic Target for Defensing Against Oxidative Stress in Stroke","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10792","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04225-1","article-title":"Activation of Inflammasomes and Relevant Modulators for the Treatment of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"61","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01711-x","article-title":"Analysis of Brain and Blood Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Acute and Subacute Phases after Experimental Stroke","volume":"25","author":"Shahanoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03437-z","article-title":"A Molecular Brain Atlas Reveals Cellular Shifts during the Repair Phase of Stroke","volume":"22","author":"Weber","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286418794184","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418794184","article-title":"Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Stroke: Impact of the Brain Barriers and Brain Immune Privilege on Neutrophil Function","volume":"11","author":"Enzmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C23","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90192-5","article-title":"The Ischemic Cascade: Temporal Sequence of Hemodynamic, Electrocardiographic and Symptomatic Expressions of Ischemia","volume":"59","author":"Nesto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15807","article-title":"Iron, Ferroptosis, and Ischemic Stroke","volume":"165","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.03.005","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A Flexible Constellation of Related Biochemical Mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Dixon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pifferi, F., Laurent, B., and Plourde, M. (2021). Lipid Transport and Metabolism at the Blood-Brain Interface: Implications in Health and Disease. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.645646"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2727","article-title":"Neuronal Zinc Transporter ZnT3 Modulates Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02703-4","article-title":"Serum\/Plasma Zinc Is Apparently Increased in Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"200","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119257","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Cerebral Ischemic Diseases","volume":"272","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)01738-1","article-title":"Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Energy Metabolites and Glutamate in the Cortex during Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in the Gerbil Monitored by a Dual-Probe Microdialysis Technique","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0496-4","article-title":"Dose Finding Study of Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats","volume":"147","author":"Westermaier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1159\/000528385","article-title":"Effect of Magnesium on Deterioration and Symptomatic Hemorrhagic Transformation in Cerebral Ischemia: An Ancillary Analysis of the FAST-MAG Trial","volume":"52","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Wang, W., Xia, Y., Li, Y., Jia, J., and Xiao, G. (2023). Regulators of Phagocytosis as Pharmacologic Targets for Stroke Treatment. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1122527"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.044","article-title":"Phospholipase A2, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Lipid Peroxidation in Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"40","author":"Adibhatla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3408","article-title":"Dynamic Correlations between Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Neuronal Responses to Acute Whole-Brain Ischemia","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:101:1:73","article-title":"Selenium Protects Cerebral Ischemia in Rat Brain Mitochondria","volume":"101","author":"Ansari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.03.091","article-title":"The Effects of Selenium against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats","volume":"438","author":"Erbil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03055-6","article-title":"The Involvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Selenium Reduced Hyperglycemia-Aggravated Cerebral Ischemia Injury","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01111-9","article-title":"Characterization of Selenium Compounds for Anti-Ferroptotic Activity in Neuronal Cells and After Cerebral Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury","volume":"18","author":"Tuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1319-7","article-title":"Selenoprotein S Expression in the Rat Brain Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21168","article-title":"Selenoprotein S Expression in Reactive Astrocytes Following Brain Injury","volume":"59","author":"Fradejas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231156981","article-title":"Selenium Supplementation Provides Potent Neuroprotection Following Cerebral Ischemia in Mice","volume":"43","author":"Zhuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turovsky, E.A., Mal\u2019tseva, V.N., Sarimov, R.M., Simakin, A.V., Gudkov, S.V., and Plotnikov, E.Y. (2022). Features of the Cytoprotective Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Primary Cortical Neurons and Astrocytes during Oxygen\u2013Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05674-1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5835\/jecm.omu.30.04.004","article-title":"Levels of serum trace elements in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"30","author":"Demir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamebozorgi, K., Kooshki, A., Saljoughi, M., Sanjari, M., Ahmadi, Z., and Mosavi Mirzaei, S.M. (2025). Cerebrovascular Accidents Association between Serum Trace Elements and Toxic Metals Level, a Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317731"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-024-00260-1","article-title":"The Impact of Manganese on Vascular Endothelium","volume":"40","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.037","article-title":"Associations of Multiple Plasma Metals with the Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study","volume":"125","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miro\u0144czuk, A., Kapica-Topczewska, K., Socha, K., Soroczy\u0144ska, J., Jamio\u0142kowski, J., Chor\u0105\u017cy, M., Czarnowska, A., Mitrosz, A., Ku\u0142akowska, A., and Kochanowicz, J. (2023). Disturbed Ratios between Essential and Toxic Trace Elements as Potential Biomarkers of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061434"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Chen, X., Cheng, H., and Zhang, L. (2022). Dietary Copper Intake and Risk of Stroke in Adults: A Case-Control Study Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013\u20132018. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030409"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18866-z","article-title":"Environmental Toxic Metal Contaminants and Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6282","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00083A","article-title":"Cuproptosis: Mechanisms and Nanotherapeutic Strategies in Cancer and Beyond","volume":"54","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05639-w","article-title":"Copper Homeostasis and Copper-Induced Cell Death in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07206-3","article-title":"Copper Homeostasis and Cuproptosis in Central Nervous System Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107473","article-title":"Association between Serum Copper Levels and Stroke in the General Population: A Nationally Representative Study","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-24-149","article-title":"The Veterinary Consortium for Research Animal Care and Welfare Survey on Revisions to the Eighth Edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","volume":"64","author":"Storves","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"du Sert, N.P., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., and Dirnagl, U. (2020). The ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomierny, B., Krzy\u017canowska, W., Sk\u00f3rkowska, A., Jurczyk, J., Budziszewska, B., and Pera, J. (2024). Chicago Sky Blue 6B Exerts Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Biomed. Pharmacother., 170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116102"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.H.M., Rakib, F., Abdelalim, E.M., Limbeck, A., Mall, R., Ullah, E., Mesaeli, N., McNaughton, D., Ahmed, T., and Al-Saad, K. (2018). Fourier-Transform Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation -ICPMS New Vistas for Biochemical Analyses of Ischemic Stroke in Rat Brain. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00647"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/24\/4672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T13:24:22Z","timestamp":1764941062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/30\/24\/4672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules30244672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30244672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}}}