{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:17:59Z","timestamp":1790615879694,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81874307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21874088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21874088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University interdisciplinary project","award":["YG2023QNA25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2023QNA25"]}]},{"name":"Yangfan project from Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["24YF2733700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YF2733700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have emerged as a promising area of research in biotechnology with enormous potential in drug delivery, skincare, and functional foods. Currently, PEVs are obtained primarily from fresh and dried materials through soaking and extraction; however, little is known about the differences in their contents. Using Portulaca oleracea L. as the research object, this study firstly employed a method that combined differential and ultracentrifugation with membrane filtration to separate and purify exosome-like nanoparticles from dried material (D-PELNs) and fresh material (F-PELNs). Then, multi-omics analysis compared the small-molecule metabolites, lipid profiles, and protein expression patterns. Both D-PELNs and F-PELNs showed typical cup-shaped morphology, with mean particle sizes of 139 nm and 186 nm, and mean zeta potentials of \u221216.015 \u00b1 0.335 mV and \u22126.29 \u00b1 0.19 mV, respectively. Both types contained diverse small-molecule metabolites. Among them, terpenoids (e.g., caesaldekarin e) were more abundant in F-PELNs, whereas carboxylic acids and their derivatives (e.g., citric acid) were predominantly found in D-PELNs. Both types had abundant lipids. D-PELNs exhibited greater lipid diversity than F-PELNs, with notable enrichment in phosphatidylcholine (18.48%) and ceramide (17.02%). F-PELNs mainly consisted of functional neutral lipids, such as monoglycerides and triglycerides. Proteins involved in plant morphogenesis and secondary-metabolite biosynthesis were also identified. Proteins from both Portulaca oleracea L.-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) were localized to intracellular structures, including the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cells. D-PELNs had a higher protein content related to carbon metabolism, whereas F-PELNs were more enriched in proteins related to secondary metabolite synthesis. In summary, D-PELNs and F-PELNs were successfully isolated and characterized, and their compositions were analyzed and compared using multi-omics approaches. These findings identify the specific chemical components of PELNs and offer new insights for comparing the compositional differences between exosome-like nanoparticles derived from dried and fresh plant states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30244715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:51:46Z","timestamp":1765288306000},"page":"4715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Analysis of the Composition of Exosome-like Nanoparticles from Dried and Fresh Portulaca oleracea L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yinjie","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaige","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenchang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ce","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9947-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207826","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207826","article-title":"Plant-Derived Vesicle-Like Nanoparticles as Promising Biotherapeutic Tools: Present and Future","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. 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