{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:19:35Z","timestamp":1765538375118,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province of China","award":["YDZJ202401089ZYTS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202401089ZYTS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficient generation of structurally diverse rare ginsenosides from abundant precursors remains a significant challenge. In this study, a heterogeneous catalyst, 12-tungstosilicic acid supported on mesoporous silica (HSiW@mSiO2), was developed for the transformation of ginsenoside Re in aqueous ethanol solution. The reaction was conducted under mild conditions, and the products were systematically analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with multistage tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 24 transformation products were identified, arising from deglycosylation, epimerization, dehydration, cyclization, and nucleophilic addition reactions. Structural elucidation revealed the formation of deglycosylated, hydrated and dehydrated derivatives, C-20 epimers, and novel ethoxylated protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides resulting from solvent incorporation at the C-24(25) or C-20 position. Product distribution varied with reaction parameters, including solvent composition, reaction time, temperature, and catalyst dosage. The synthesized HSiW@mSiO2 catalyst could be readily recovered by centrifugation and reused for five consecutive cycles, with complete conversion of ginsenoside Re maintained in the first two runs and a gradual decline in conversion to approximately 50% by the fifth cycle. This work demonstrates the efficacy of solid acid catalysts in enabling the structural diversification of ginsenosides through solvent-involved pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30244753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:13:33Z","timestamp":1765538013000},"page":"4753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catalytic Transformation of Ginsenoside Re over Mesoporous Silica-Supported Heteropoly Acids: Generation of Diverse Rare Ginsenosides in Aqueous Ethanol Revealed by HPLC-HRMSn"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanxi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115155","article-title":"Comparison of polysaccharides in ginseng root cultures and cultivated ginseng and establishment of high-content uronic acid plant synthesis system","volume":"186","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. 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