{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:17:40Z","timestamp":1788470260492,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006445","name":"University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D112-01-5011000370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D112-01-5011000370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006445","name":"University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["501-D112-20-1004310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-D112-20-1004310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper demonstrates the successful synthesis of novel hybrid heterogeneous catalysts for the sustainable conversion of CO2 into cyclic organic carbonates (COCs). The nanocat-alysts have been fabricated by encapsulating pre-formed ultra-small gold nanostructures into a nascent zinc-coordination polymer (ZnCP) framework formed from two organic building blocks, 2,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (1,4-NDC) and 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (5-Atz), which serves as a nitrogen-rich ligand. Applying the fabricated catalysts in the synthesis of COCs yields high yields (up to 97%) and high selectivity (up to 100%), with exceptionally high turnover frequencies (TOFs) (up to 408 h\u22121). The catalytic process can be carried out under mild conditions (80 \u00b0C, 1.5 MPa CO2) and without the use of solvents. Nitrogen-rich ligand molecules in the structure of ZnCPs enhance catalytic performance thanks to additional nucleophilic centres, which are effective in the epoxides\u2019 ring-opening process. The hybrid catalysts with encapsulated gold nanostructures, which modify the liquid\u2013gas interface between epoxide and CO2, give significantly higher yields and TOFs for less active epoxides. The designed hybrid nanocatalysts exhibit superior stability under the studied reaction conditions and can be reused without loss of activity. The developed coordination polymers are constructed from green components, and green chemistry principles are applied to prepare these catalytic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30244777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:52:59Z","timestamp":1765813979000},"page":"4777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Eco-Friendly Coordination Polymers with Incorporated Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Ligand and Their Hybrids with Gold Nanostructures for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kinga","family":"Wasiluk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kopacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kopyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, \u017bwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9548-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, \u017bwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, \u017bwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Megiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.02.014","article-title":"Catalyst: Sustainable catalysis","volume":"2","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2020.09.013","article-title":"Heterogeneous catalysis under flow for the 21st century fine chemical industry","volume":"6","author":"Ciriminna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300600","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202300600","article-title":"Practical aspects concerning catalysis with molecularly doped metals","volume":"15","author":"Ciriminna","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1515\/revic-2024-0047","article-title":"Heterogeneous catalysis: An alternative approach for energy and environment","volume":"45","author":"Parangi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. 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