{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:45:57Z","timestamp":1776455157537,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovative Experimental Project of Higher Education Institutions in Sichuan Province, China"},{"name":"College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program, China","award":["202510649018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510649018"]}]},{"name":"College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program, China","award":["S202510649127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510649127"]}]},{"name":"College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program, China","award":["2025XJ060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025XJ060"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan Project, China","award":["25JBGS0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JBGS0045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CeO2 is a crucial functional material in catalysis and energy applications, whose performance is highly morphology-dependent. Traditional synthesis methods often rely on organic templates or surfactants, which complicate the processes and pose environmental concerns. This study introduces an eco-friendly approach utilizing a methanol\u2013water (MeOH-H2O) mixed solvent system combined with NH4HCO3 to achieve controllable synthesis of multi-morphology CeO2 without surfactants or templates. The effects of different solvent systems (pure H2O, pure MeOH, and their mixtures) and NH4HCO3 as an inexpensive regulator on precursor phase behavior and crystallization were systematically investigated. By optimizing the Ce:N molar ratios (1:1 to 1:7) as well as reaction times (0.5 to 36 h), our findings indicate that H2O significantly enhances crystallinity (from 40.9% to 61.4% for precursors, reaching 70.3% after calcination) and promotes octahedra formation in the MeOH-H2O mixed system, while NH4HCO3 acts as a structure-directing agent to control size (e.g., ~240 nm octahedra at Ce:N = 1:1, up to 375 nm at Ce:N = 1:2) and partially substitutes for high-temperature calcination in improving crystallinity. Variety morphologies, including plates, dendrites, octahedra, and hollow structures, were successfully synthesized. This work elucidates the synergistic mechanism by which solvents and NH4HCO3 influence CeO2 nucleation and growth, thereby providing an environmentally friendly synthesis route with significant potential applications in catalysis and energy storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31010116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-Morphology CeO2 Synthesis via Synergistic Induction by Solvent and Ammonium Bicarbonate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yaohui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"},{"name":"Leshan West Silicon Materials Photovoltaic and New Energy Industry Technology Research Institute, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"},{"name":"Leshan West Silicon Materials Photovoltaic and New Energy Industry Technology Research Institute, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiya","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Functional Materials, School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.162009","article-title":"Construction of CeO2\/\u03b4-MnO2 heterojunction for photothermal catalysis of toluene","volume":"686","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. 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