{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1787885853354,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2023-KH140873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-KH140873"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is closely associated with oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction, which disrupt nutrient delivery to hair follicles and promote follicle miniaturization. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exposure impairs human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HDMEC) function by inducing mitochondrial disruption, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and reduced angiogenic capacity. This study evaluated the protective effects of dihydroisoquinolinone piperidinylcarboxy pyrazolopyridine (DPP), a novel 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) inhibitor identified through the AI-based discovery platform DeepZema\u00ae, in DHT-exposed HDMECs. DPP markedly reduced intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased ATP production, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial function. DPP also enhanced endothelial cell migration and capillary-like tube formation, demonstrating the restoration of angiogenic capacity that is essential for sustaining perifollicular vascularization. Moreover, DPP mitigated stress-associated signaling by reducing the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 within the MAPK pathway, thereby suggesting the reestablishment of endothelial homeostasis under DHT-induced stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that DPP preserves endothelial function under DHT-driven oxidative conditions. We suggest that DPP may exert complementary protective effects on both vascular and follicular compartments, supporting its potential relevance in hair follicle regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31010123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Restores Endothelial Function Under Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Stress in Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mujun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hak Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovo Therapeutics Inc., 507, Mapo-daero 38, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovo Therapeutics Inc., 507, Mapo-daero 38, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovo Therapeutics Inc., 507, Mapo-daero 38, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Chul","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovo Therapeutics Inc., 507, Mapo-daero 38, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6650-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Dong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovo Therapeutics Inc., 507, Mapo-daero 38, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04174, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Wook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01880-x","article-title":"Androgenetic Alopecia: Therapy Update","volume":"83","author":"Devjani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1280-y","article-title":"Androgenetic alopecia: A review","volume":"57","author":"Lolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17011","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.11","article-title":"Alopecia areata","volume":"3","author":"Pratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1159\/000530681","article-title":"Cellular Senescence: Ageing and Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"239","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14537","article-title":"Treatment options for androgenetic alopecia: Efficacy, side effects, compliance, financial considerations, and ethics","volume":"20","author":"Nestor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117456","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of AGA drugs by measuring finasteride, dutasteride, and dihydrotestosterone in hair","volume":"547","author":"Hobo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Liu, B., Li, Y., Han, L., Tang, X., Deng, W., Lai, W., and Wan, M. (2020). Dihydrotestosterone Regulates Hair Growth Through the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathway in C57BL\/6 Mice and In Vitro Organ Culture. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01528"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owecka, B., Tomaszewska, A., Dobrzeniecki, K., and Owecki, M. (2024). The Hormonal Background of Hair Loss in Non-Scarring Alopecias. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030513"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13175","article-title":"Association between androgenetic alopecia and periodontitis","volume":"58","author":"Karasu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000112","article-title":"5\u03b1-Reductase inhibitors in androgenetic alopecia","volume":"21","author":"Yim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.09.009","article-title":"Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles","volume":"465","author":"Ceruti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.5743","article-title":"Relative Efficacy of Minoxidil and the 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors in Androgenetic Alopecia Treatment of Male Patients: A Network Meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0780","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0780","article-title":"Robust Metformin Nanosystem Promotes Hair Growth in Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"8","author":"Mai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116710","article-title":"Comparative effects of finasteride and minoxidil on the male reproductive organs: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo evidence","volume":"478","author":"Santana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9355-3","article-title":"Pathophysiological Roles of Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in the Central Nervous System","volume":"53","author":"Yagami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab003","article-title":"The key contribution of platelet and vascular arachidonic acid metabolism to the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis","volume":"117","author":"Badimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.10.012","article-title":"Promising alternative clinical uses of prostaglandin F2alpha analogs: Beyond the eyelashes","volume":"72","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01301-3","article-title":"The sustained PGE2 release matrix improves neovascularization and skeletal muscle regeneration in a hindlimb ischemia model","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08097-7","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 mediates sensory nerve regulation of bone homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8836","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.63396","article-title":"Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03277-9","article-title":"Superior protective effects of PGE2 priming mesenchymal stem cells against LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) through macrophage immunomodulation","volume":"14","author":"Hezam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-1574-5","article-title":"Effects of SW033291 on the myogenesis of muscle-derived stem cells and muscle regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8059","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8059","article-title":"Inhibition of prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH rejuvenates aged muscle mass and strength","volume":"371","author":"Palla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2024.102640","article-title":"Inhibition of 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via suppression of apoptosis in liver endothelial cells","volume":"202","author":"Shimada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.W., Kim, H.J., Jeon, C.Y., Lee, Y., Kim, M., Kim, J., Kim, S.R., Lee, S., Lim, D.C., and Park, H.D. (2024). Hair Growth Promoting Effects of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Inhibitor in Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137485"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.004","article-title":"Microenvironmental reprogramming of human dermal papilla cells for hair follicle tissue engineering","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.146","article-title":"Characterization of human dermal sheath cells reveals CD36-expressing perivascular cells associated with capillary blood vessel formation in hair follicles","volume":"516","author":"Yoshida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt084","article-title":"Flow detection and calcium signalling in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"99","author":"Ando","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB02237D","article-title":"The effect of oxygen supply using perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsions on human hair growth","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00954.x","article-title":"Active hair growth (anagen) is associated with angiogenesis","volume":"114","author":"Mecklenburg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.01.003","article-title":"Androgen Receptor-Mediated Paracrine Signaling Induces Regression of Blood Vessels in the Dermal Papilla in Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"142","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.054","article-title":"The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Adil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2174\/187221312800166859","article-title":"Minoxidil use in dermatology, side effects and recent patents","volume":"6","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent. Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Mechanism of action of minoxidil in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia is likely mediated by mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase-induced stem cell differentiation","volume":"31","author":"Goren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2021.1945527","article-title":"Minoxidil: A comprehensive review","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog Treat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv24213","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v104.24213","article-title":"Topical Minoxidil Rejuvenates Hair Follicles from Men with Androgenetic Alopecia in Vivo","volume":"104","author":"Zeltzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09785-7","article-title":"Vascular endothelial cell specification in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Marziano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2022.2085790","article-title":"Mangifera Indica leaf extracts promote hair growth via activation of Wnt signaling pathway in human dermal papilla cells","volume":"26","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Cells Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12906","article-title":"Effects of the biomimetic peptide Sh-Polypeptide 9 (CG-VEGF) on cocultures of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells and microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Bassino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27491","article-title":"Serenoa repens and N-acetyl glucosamine\/milk proteins complex differentially affect the paracrine communication between endothelial and follicle dermal papilla cells","volume":"234","author":"Bassino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12670","article-title":"Paracrine crosstalk between human hair follicle dermal papilla cells and microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Bassino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25657","article-title":"Dermal-Epidermal Cross-Talk: Differential Interactions With Microvascular Endothelial Cells","volume":"232","author":"Bassino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"250","article-title":"ROS-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.66","article-title":"Mitochondrial diseases: The contribution of organelle stress responses to pathology","volume":"19","author":"Suomalainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04182-z","article-title":"Progress on mitochondria and hair follicle development in androgenetic alopecia: Relationships and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annesley, S.J., and Fisher, P.R. (2019). Mitochondria in Health and Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070680"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0355-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart disease","volume":"51","author":"Peoples","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.300233","article-title":"Mitochondria and endothelial function","volume":"112","author":"Kluge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H187","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00270.2023","article-title":"Chronic mitochondria antioxidant treatment in older adults alters the circulating milieu to improve endothelial cell function and mitochondrial oxidative stress","volume":"325","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2023994","article-title":"Downregulation of cathepsin C alleviates endothelial cell dysfunction by suppressing p38 MAPK\/NF-kappaB pathway in preeclampsia","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00586.x","article-title":"Prostaglandin metabolism in human hair follicle","volume":"16","author":"Colombe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2843","article-title":"Prostanoids and Hair Follicles: Implications for Therapy of Hair Disorders","volume":"98","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15378","article-title":"The role of prostaglandins in androgenetic alopecia","volume":"60","author":"Chovarda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2022.26.6.405","article-title":"The physiological and pharmacological roles of prostaglandins in hair growth","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17706","article-title":"Hypoxia improves hair inductivity of dermal papilla cells via nuclearNADPHoxidase 4-mediated reactive oxygen species generation","volume":"181","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/0717-6287-47-50","article-title":"Arctiin blocks hydrogen peroxide-induced senescence and cell death though microRNA expression changes in human dermal papilla cells","volume":"47","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, C.Y., Go, M.Y., Kim, I., Park, M., Lee, H.W., Kim, Y., and Shin, D.W. (2025). Hair Growth-Promoting Effects of Astragalus sinicus Extracts in Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells. Cosmetics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12010006"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashi, Y. (2022). Roles of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction-Related Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101958"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.12.005","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 Controls Endothelial Homeostasis by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Iron-Dependent Oxidative Stress","volume":"11","author":"Issitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12151","article-title":"Resting no more: Re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle","volume":"90","author":"Geyfman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.2.428","article-title":"Hair and Skin Disorders as Signs of Mitochondrial Disease","volume":"103","author":"Bodemer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.11.014","article-title":"Activation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 promotes hair growth in human hair follicles","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Woo, J., Kim, J., Choi, M., Shin, H.J., Kim, Y., Kim, J., and Shin, D.W. (2025). Iris germanica L. Rhizome-Derived Exosomes Ameliorated Dihydrotestosterone-Damaged Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells Through the Activation of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094070"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2024.151456","article-title":"Androgen receptor activation inhibits endothelial cell migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo","volume":"103","author":"Huo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601911423031","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Its Receptor (VEGFR) Signaling in Angiogenesis: A Crucial Target for Anti- and Pro-Angiogenic Therapies","volume":"2","author":"Shibuya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2018.22.6.705","article-title":"Advanced tube formation assay using human endothelial colony forming cells for in vitro evaluation of angiogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, R., and Liu, D. (2025). The Role of the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062667"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S418166","article-title":"Research Progress and Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Cells Inflammation in Vascular-Related Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/1\/123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:31:53Z","timestamp":1767187913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/1\/123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31010123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31010123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]}}}