{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:36:03Z","timestamp":1767188163019,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Menarini Diagnostics"},{"name":"CoQua Lab"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>VD (VD), a hormone-like, fat-soluble molecule, is essential for several biological processes, such as gene regulation, calcium balance, bone health, immune function, antiviral defense, and neuromuscular activity. Its deficiency is associated with various disorders, including chronic hypocalcemia and increased risk of severe diseases, such as COVID-19. Monitoring 25-hydroxyVD (25-OH-D) levels is vital, with serum 25-OH-VD being the standard marker. While chromatography and immunometric assays are well-established, innovative point-of-care (POC) platforms like AFIAS-1\u00ae (Boditech &amp; Menarini, Gangwon, Republic of Korea) are emerging as rapid and automated alternatives, particularly advantageous for decentralized settings such as pharmacies, general practitioners\u2019 offices, and specialized hospital centers like intensive care units. This study compared AFIAS-1\u00ae using whole blood with the gold standard UHPLC-MS\/MS using plasma in 50 samples, showing a strong correlation and confirming AFIAS-1\u00ae as a reliable method for measuring 25-OH-D levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1767187852000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Performance of New Fluorescence Immunoassay POCTs for Determining the Value of Vitamin D in Whole Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0860-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Palermiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8540-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Mastrantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Menarini Diagnostics, 50131 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Maiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoQua Lab s.r.l., 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cat Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoQua Lab s.r.l., 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Menegatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoQua Lab s.r.l., 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Simiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoQua Lab s.r.l., 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"De Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Avolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makin, H.L.J., Gower, D.B., and Kirk, D.N. (1995). Analysis of VD, Its Metabolites and Structural Analogues. Steroid Analysis, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3078-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000733","article-title":"Sources of VD for Humans","volume":"92","author":"Benedik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.04.007","article-title":"VD and Health\u2014The Missing Vitamin in Humans","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1350","article-title":"VD in Nature: A Product of Synthesis and\/or Degradation of Cell Membrane Components","volume":"83","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210\u2013214, 217\u2013218","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1980.11715604","article-title":"VD Metabolism: Update for the Clinician","volume":"68","author":"Juan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolodeoku, J. (2018). An Assessment of Automated VD Measurement Methods Including a Point-of-Care Testing Method, I-CHROMATM Using the Randox International Quality Assurance Scheme (Riqas). BJSTR, 3.","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2018.03.000937"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00790a023","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol. A Metabolite of VD Active in Intestine","volume":"10","author":"Holick","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Saida, F.B., and Yuan, C. (2025, October 15). VD Testing in Clinical Settings: Methodologies, Accuracy and Standardization. Available online: https:\/\/it.scribd.com\/document\/591897309\/vitamin-d-testing-in-clinical-settings-methodologies-accuracy-and-standardization."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, VD, and Fluoride, National Academies Press (US). The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, December 15). Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: VD. Available online: https:\/\/www.thebodypro.com\/article\/dietary-supplement-fact-sheet-vitamin-d."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"020706","article-title":"Direct and Indirect Reference Intervals of 25-HydroxyVD: It Is Not a Real VD Deficiency Pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Llorente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"238","article-title":"Can We Accurately Measure the Concentration of Clinically Relevant VD Metabolites in the Circulation? The Problems and Their Consequences","volume":"64","author":"Bartoszewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0138","article-title":"VD Deficiency in Adults: When to Test and How to Treat","volume":"85","author":"Kennel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.04.018","article-title":"VD and Major Chronic Diseases","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-012-8342-y","article-title":"VD in Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"45","author":"Theodor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R292","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10585","article-title":"VD Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality in the Medical Intensive Care Unit","volume":"15","author":"Venkatram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0684-9","article-title":"Association between VD Deficiency and Mortality in Critically Ill Adult Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(05)04","article-title":"VD Deficiency Is Independently Associated with Mortality among Critically Ill Patients","volume":"70","author":"Moraes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2018.05.007","article-title":"25-HydroxyVD Testing: Immunoassays Versus Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"38","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030501","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2017.030501","article-title":"Concerning the VD Reference Range: Pre-Analytical and Analytical Variability of VD Measurement","volume":"27","author":"Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1309\/LMONQZQ27TIN7XFS","article-title":"Current Methods for Routine Clinical Laboratory Testing of VD Levels","volume":"44","author":"Arneson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelzer, S., Goessler, W., and Herrmann, M. (2018). Measurement of VD Metabolites by Mass Spectrometry, an Analytical Challenge. J. Lab. Precis. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm.2018.11.06"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0553-3","article-title":"VD Testing: Advantages and Limits of the Current Assays","volume":"74","author":"Altieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.020","article-title":"Method Evaluation Study of a New Generation of VD Assays","volume":"25","author":"Enko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-1032","article-title":"Measurement of 1,25-DihydroxyVD in Serum by LC-MS\/MS Compared to Immunoassay Reveals Inconsistent Agreement in Paediatric Samples","volume":"63","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.01.049","article-title":"High Throughput LC-MS\/MS Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple VD Analytes in Serum","volume":"1014","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AY01088J","article-title":"High Throughput UHPLC-MS\/MS Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Six VD Metabolites: Application for VD Determination in Patients after Liver or Kidney Transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201000410","article-title":"Development and Optimization of an LC-MS\/MS-Based Method for Simultaneous Quantification of VD2, VD3, 25-HydroxyVD2 and 25-HydroxyVD3","volume":"34","author":"Adamec","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, October 27). IFU\u2014AFIAS VD. Available online: https:\/\/it.scribd.com\/document\/904358018\/Ifu-Afias-Vitamin-d-180305-1."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palermiti, A., Manca, A., Mastrantonio, F., Maiese, D., Curatolo, A., Antonucci, M., Simiele, M., De Nicol\u00f2, A., and D\u2019Avolio, A. (2024). Comparative Performance Assessment of Novel Fluorescence Immunoassay POCTs for Measuring Circulating Levels of Vitamin-D. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071636"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.04.025","article-title":"Patient Satisfaction with Point-of-Care Laboratory Testing: Report of a Quality Improvement Program in an Ambulatory Practice of an Academic Medical Center","volume":"424","author":"Crocker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2019.10.43655","article-title":"Role of Point-of-Care Testing in Reducing Time to Treatment Decision-Making in Urgency Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Chaisirin","year":"2020","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X483508","article-title":"Point of Care Testing in General Practice Trial Management Group Patient Satisfaction with Point-of-Care Testing in General Practice","volume":"60","author":"Laurence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00051-6","article-title":"VD Supplementation to Prevent Acute Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Aggregate Data from Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"9","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2024.200272","article-title":"Effect of VD Supplementation on the Immune Response to Respiratory Tract Infections and Inflammatory Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Jeyakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.09.008","article-title":"The Role of VD in the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"42","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25194a","article-title":"VD and Drug-Metabolising Enzymes","volume":"11","author":"Lindh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusato, J., Tempestilli, M., Calcagno, A., Vergori, A., Piselli, P., Antonucci, M., Avataneo, V., Palermiti, A., Notari, S., and Antinori, A. (2021). VD as Modulator of Drug Concentrations: A Study on Two Italian Cohorts of People Living with HIV Administered with Efavirenz. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103571"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.111.038125","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in Blood Drug Concentrations and a Potential Relationship to VD","volume":"39","author":"Lindh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115103","article-title":"VD Impact in Affecting Clozapine Plasma Exposure: A Potential Contribution of Seasonality","volume":"165","author":"Manca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2006). Q 2 (R1) Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1309\/LMF62NSLERYC8PAD","article-title":"Biological Variability of Serum 25-HydroxyVD and Other Biomarkers in Healthy Subjects","volume":"44","author":"Brescia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523001952","article-title":"Efficacy of VD2 in Maintaining Serum Total VD Concentrations and Bone Mineralisation in Adult Dogs Fed a Plant-Based (Vegan) Diet in a 3-Month Randomised Trial","volume":"131","author":"Dodd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP2GP0GHKQRCOE","article-title":"Pathology Consultation on VD Testing: Clinical Indications for 25(OH) VD Measurement","volume":"137","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"VD and the Immune System","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avataneo, V., Palermiti, A., De Nicol\u00f2, A., Cusato, J., Giussani, G., Calcagno, A., and D\u2019Avolio, A. (2022). Monthly Increase in VD Levels upon Supplementation with 2000 IU\/Day in Healthy Volunteers: Result from \u201cIntegriamoci\u201d, a Pilot Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27031042"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/1\/130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T13:32:46Z","timestamp":1767187966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/1\/130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31010130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31010130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}}}