{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T04:22:32Z","timestamp":1786767752911,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311875\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311875\/2022-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RED-00099-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED-00099-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o da UFOP"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracts from the stem bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatim\u00e3o) exhibit relevant medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activities, which reinforce their potential for developing herbal medicines. The $550 billion plant bioactive market (by 2030) demands safer, green-chemistry-aligned extraction methods for responsible industrial scaling. In this study, dry extracts obtained from the stem bark of S. adstringens were obtained by ultrasound-assisted maceration in one- and two-step extraction systems. Parameters such as yield, solvent evaporation time, cost, acute toxicity, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration, cell viability, antioxidant potential, and anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated. High-EGCG two-step organic extracts were industrially difficult, needing more raw material and toxic solvents. In contrast, the single-step extracts showed a better balance between yield, cost, safety, and biological efficacy. All extracts showed cell viability above 70% at safe concentrations and significantly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the results confirm that optimizing single-step extraction, with lower environmental impact solvents, enables producing safe and effective polyphenol-rich extracts, consolidating water as the main candidate for industrial-scale phytotherapeutic formulations of barbatim\u00e3o, in line with its traditional use in infusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:09:06Z","timestamp":1767946146000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimization of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Barbatim\u00e3o) Extraction: Chemical Evaluation, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Cynthia Nara Pereira de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4330-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thain\u00e1 Gomes","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-145, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo Modesto Lobo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Beiral Alves","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole Maia","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8321-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane Flores","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphopathology Laboratory, Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-136, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7033-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Melo de Abreu","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphopathology Laboratory, Center for Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-136, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Duarte Vianna","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Augusto Gomes","family":"Faraco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8171-435X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina Barbosa de","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-145, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Department, Nutrition School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-145, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Guimar\u00e3es Drummond e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-145, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Department, Nutrition School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-145, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel Oliveira","family":"Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Academic Consortium for Integrative Health (CABSIN), Rio de Janeiro 05449-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lima, A.G., SVC, PSJ, and SVR (2025, October 08). 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