{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:11:32Z","timestamp":1789099892226,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plants from the Zingiberaceae family, particularly Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, and Alpinia galanga, are rich sources of bioactive compounds with documented antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. This review summarizes current evidence on their phytochemical profiles and pathways relevant to metabolic regulation. Key compounds, including gingerols, shogaols, curcuminoids, and phenylpropanoids, support glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin sensitivity, promoting Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4)-mediated glucose uptake, improving \u03b2-cell function, and modulating metabolic signaling pathways such as PI3K\/Akt, AMPK, PPAR\u03b3, and NF-\u03baB. Their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities further reduce oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation, both central to the progression of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Evidence from selected clinical and experimental studies suggests that dietary supplementation with whole-rhizome preparations or standardized extracts (including formulation-enhanced products) may improve fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress markers. Recent advances in delivery systems, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, and curcumin\u2013piperine complexes, substantially enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble phytochemicals, strengthening their therapeutic potential. Overall, Zingiberaceae plants emerge as promising natural supplements in nutritional and pharmacological strategies targeting diabetes. Further clinical research is required to refine dosage, confirm long-term efficacy, and support their integration into evidence-based metabolic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1768563577000},"page":"311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Zingiberaceae Plants in Dietary Supplement Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9103-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kuzia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36a, Jastrz\u0119biec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Adamska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University, W\u00f3ycickiego 1\/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2324-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Ksepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36a, Jastrz\u0119biec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5770-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wierzbicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36a, Jastrz\u0119biec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"J\u00f3\u017awik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36a, Jastrz\u0119biec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf177","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th Edition 2025: Global Prevalence and Projections for 2050","volume":"41","author":"Duncan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"Committee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.6","article-title":"Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumurkhuu, M., Bhat, S.A., Hossain, M.Z., Shafiq, M., Hasnain, M.S., Nayak, A.K., and Ahmed, S.A. (2025). Editorial: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Metabolic Disorders: Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1580553"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/ctd\/160061","article-title":"2023 Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Diabetes\u2014A Position of Diabetes Poland","volume":"3","author":"Araszkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tegegne, B.A., Adugna, A., Yenet, A., Yihunie Belay, W., Yibeltal, Y., Dagne, A., Hibstu Teffera, Z., Amare, G.A., Abebaw, D., and Tewabe, H. (2024). A Critical Review on Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and Type 2 Management Approaches: From Lifestyle Modification to Current and Novel Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1440456"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00223-4","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"401","author":"Quattrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11947","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2009322","article-title":"Improvement of Intestinal Barrier Function, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Endotoxemia in Type 2 Diabetes Rats by Curcumin","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155142","article-title":"Insulin: The Master Regulator of Glucose Metabolism","volume":"129","author":"Norton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi24-0041","article-title":"What Is Gestational Diabetes\u2014Really?","volume":"74","author":"Buchanan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800709","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800709","article-title":"Gingerenone A Sensitizes the Insulin Receptor and Increases Glucose Uptake by Inhibiting the Activity of P70 S6 Kinase","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, T. (2009). Flowering Plants. Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-373972-8.00022-X"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21124\/tbs.2025.12.25","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds in Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Zingiberaceae: A Review of Healing Potential","volume":"1","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alolga, R.N., Wang, F., Zhang, X., Li, J., Tran, L.S.P., and Yin, X. (2022). Bioactive Compounds from the Zingiberaceae Family with Known Antioxidant Activities for Possible Therapeutic Uses. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071281"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victoria-Montesinos, D., Cerd\u00e1 Mart\u00ednez-Pujalte, B., Zafrilla, P., Ballester, P., and Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz, A.M. (2025). Effect of the Consumption of Species from the Zingiberaceae or Berberidaceae Family on Glycemic Profile Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125565"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software Survey: VOSviewer, a Computer Program for Bibliometric Mapping","volume":"84","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0055","article-title":"Ginger: Is It Ready for Prime Time?","volume":"6","author":"Stoner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108486","article-title":"Nutritional Implications of Ginger: Chemistry, Biological Activities and Signaling Pathways","volume":"86","author":"Kiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"349","article-title":"Ginger: A Total-Scale Analysis of the Scientific Literature on a Widely Used Spice and Phytotherapeutic","volume":"42","author":"Matin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayustaningwarno, F., Anjani, G., Ayu, A.M., and Fogliano, V. (2024). A Critical Review of Ginger\u2019s (Zingiber officinale) Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Activities. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1364836"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh, N.H., Kim, S.J., Long, N.P., Min, J.E., Yoon, Y.C., Lee, E.G., Kim, M., Kim, T.J., Yang, Y.Y., and Son, E.Y. (2020). Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010157"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Q.Q., Xu, X.Y., Cao, S.Y., Gan, R.Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., and Li, H. (2019). Bin Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8060185"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballester, P., Cerd\u00e1, B., Arcusa, R., Marhuenda, J., Yamedjeu, K., and Zafrilla, P. (2022). Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217223"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zingiberaceae Wonders: The Antioxidant Powerhouse for Optimal Health","volume":"43","author":"Boyina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanovi\u0107, M., Makoter, K., and Razbor\u0161ek, M.I. (2021). Comparative Study of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of Four Characteristic Zingiberaceae Herbs. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10030501"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s44187-025-00280-2","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile, Therapeutic Potentials, Nutritional Composition, and Food Applications of Ginger: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"5","author":"Edo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Food"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajanaku, C.O., Ademosun, O.T., Atohengbe, P.O., Ajayi, S.O., Obafemi, Y.D., Owolabi, O.A., Akinduti, P.A., and Ajanaku, K.O. (2022). Functional Bioactive Compounds in Ginger, Turmeric, and Garlic. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1012023"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2022.100043","article-title":"[6]-Gingerol: A Narrative Review of Its Beneficial Effect on Human Health","volume":"1","author":"Promdam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuloria, S., Mehta, J., Chandel, A., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Begum, M.Y., Subramaniyan, V., Chidambaram, K., Thangavelu, L., and Nordin, R. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to Its Major Active Constituent Curcumin. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.820806"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.230628","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome","volume":"81","author":"Sabir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Del Prado-Audelo, M.L., Cort\u00e9s, H., Leyva-g\u00f3mez, G., Stojanovi\u0107-radi\u0107, Z., Singh, Y.D., Patra, J.K., Das, G., Martins, N., and Martorell, M. (2020). Therapeutic Applications of Curcumin Nanomedicine Formulations in Cardiovascular Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030746"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.026","article-title":"Recent Developments in Curcumin and Curcumin Based Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Review","volume":"81","author":"Mahmood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewlings, S.J., and Kalman, D.S. (2017). Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6100092"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761608","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/761608","article-title":"Curcumin: A Potential Candidate in Prevention of Cancer via Modulation of Molecular Pathways","volume":"2014","author":"Rahmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01115-z","article-title":"Curcuma longa (Turmeric): From Traditional Applications to Modern Plant Medicine Research Hotspots","volume":"20","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Tareq, F.S., and Luthria, D.L. (2025). Comparative Investigation of Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics in Turmeric Dietary Supplements and Rhizomes. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14010007"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.04.032","article-title":"Galangal, the Multipotent Super Spices: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"101","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115144","article-title":"Journey of Alpinia Galanga from Kitchen Spice to Nutraceutical to Folk Medicine to Nanomedicine","volume":"291","author":"Ramanunny","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.3934\/agrfood.2024057","article-title":"The Potential Uses of Galangal (Alpinia Sp.) Essential Oils as the Sources of Biologically Active Compounds","volume":"9","author":"Destryana","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Agric. Food"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37767","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA07370B","article-title":"An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Alpinia Genus (Zingiberaceae)","volume":"11","author":"Van","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37196","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antibacterial Potential of Alpinia Galanga (L.) Rhizome","volume":"10","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2018.1.2","article-title":"A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Alpinia Galanga","volume":"10","author":"Chouni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.102514","article-title":"Exploration of the Varieties Differences on the Volatile and Non-Volatile Metabolites of Alpinia Galanga and Myristica Fragrans Utilizing Electronic Sensing Evaluation and Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Jia, X., Wang, Q., Lu, T., Deng, G., Tian, M., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Enzyme Inhibitory, and Anticancer Activities and Chemical Composition of Alpinia Galanga Flower Essential Oil. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091069"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45622","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.45622","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Galangal Rhizome","volume":"42","author":"Aljobair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2023.04.001","article-title":"Four New Phenolic Compounds from the Fruits of Alpinia Galanga","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4353","DOI":"10.55251\/jmbfs.4353","article-title":"Virtual Screening of Natural Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Alpinia Galanga Bioactive Compounds as Anti-Diabetic Candidate: Anti-Diabetic Activity of Alpinia Galanga","volume":"13","author":"Putra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"19","article-title":"Insulin and Insulin Resistance","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27603","article-title":"Insulin Resistance: Review of the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"234","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0481-6","article-title":"Insulin Resistance in Obesity: An Overview of Fundamental Alterations","volume":"23","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord.-Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0240","article-title":"Insulin Resistance Is Accompanied by Increased Fasting Glucagon and Delayed Glucagon Suppression in Individuals with Normal and Impaired Glucose Regulation","volume":"65","author":"Vistisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.S., Hossain, K.S., Das, S., Kundu, S., Adegoke, E.O., Rahman, M.A., Hannan, M.A., Uddin, M.J., and Pang, M.G. (2021). Role of Insulin in Health and Disease: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126403"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.31373\/ejtcm\/172884","article-title":"The Impact of Ginger and Curcumin on Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Streptozotocin in Rats","volume":"6","author":"Taha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transl. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3369","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.3870.3369","article-title":"Effectiveness of Ginger in Reducing Metabolic Levels in People with Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"28","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Lat.-Am. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2022.102802","article-title":"The Effect of Ginger Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"65","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostamkhani, H., Veisi, P., Niknafs, B., Jafarabadi, M.A., and Ghoreishi, Z. (2023). The Effect of Zingiber officinale on Prooxidant-Antioxidant Balance and Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients with ESRD Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03874-4"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.07.011","article-title":"The Effect of Oral Supplementation of Ginger on Glycemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Schumacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.775223","article-title":"Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Plasma Glucose Level, HbA1c and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"64","author":"Mahluji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20241510","article-title":"Ginger Extract Promotes Pancreatic Islets Regeneration in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"45","author":"Abbood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13600","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13600","article-title":"Polyphenol-Rich Indian Ginger Cultivars Ameliorate GLUT4 Activity in C2C12 Cells, Inhibit Diabetes-Related Enzymes and LPS-Induced Inflammation: An in Vitro Study","volume":"45","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preciado-Ortiz, M.E., Gembe-Olivarez, G., Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, E., and Rivera-Vald\u00e9s, J.J. (2025). Immunometabolic Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Supplementation in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30142933"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-022-02372-7","article-title":"Revisiting the Therapeutic Potential of Gingerols against Different Pharmacological Activities","volume":"396","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veisi, P., Zarezade, M., Rostamkhani, H., and Ghoreishi, Z. (2022). Renoprotective Effects of the Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Diabetic Kidney Disease, Current Knowledge and Future Direction: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03768-x"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2014-0021","article-title":"The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Glycemic Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Shidfar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"153","article-title":"Decreased Lipoprotein (a) and Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Male Patients with Atherosclerosis after Supplementation with Ginger: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Kheirollah","year":"2020","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2021.1885015","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Piperine-Supplemented Curcuma longa L. in Metabolic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"72","author":"Neta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathomwichaiwat, T., Jinatongthai, P., Prommasut, N., Ampornwong, K., Rattanavipanon, W., Nathisuwan, S., and Thakkinstian, A. (2023). Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: An Umbrella Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288997"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marton, L.T., Pescinini-e-Salzedas, L.M., Camargo, M.E.C., Barbalho, S.M., Haber, J.F.d.S., Sinatora, R.V., Detregiachi, C.R.P., Girio, R.J.S., Buchaim, D.V., and Cincotto dos Santos Bueno, P. (2021). The Effects of Curcumin on Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.669448"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"46","article-title":"The Potential of Curcuma longa as an Antidiabetic Agent: Review","volume":"2","author":"Indriani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2022.02.008","article-title":"Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Its Constituent (Curcumin) on the Metabolic Syndrome: An Updated Review","volume":"20","author":"Vafaeipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.15171\/jhp.2018.33","article-title":"Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects of Curcumin","volume":"7","author":"Boroumand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. HerbMed Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.11.018","article-title":"Principles of the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging","volume":"141","author":"Schumacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xu, J., Yu, T., Wang, H., Cai, X., and Sun, H. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282866"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13674","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13674","article-title":"Improvement in Serum Amylase and Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rats on Oral Administration of Bisdemethoxycurcumin from Curcuma longa and Limonoids from Azadirachta Indica","volume":"45","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okechukwu, A.-J.M., Okeke, E.S., Eze, K.N., Ezeorba, W.F.C., and Ezeorba, T.P.C. (2023). Insight into the Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potentials of Curcuma longa Methanolic Extracts and Phytochemicals: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. Biol. Life Sci. Forum, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/Foods2023-15514"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., Son, S.R., Qi, Y., Kang, K.S., and Jang, D.S. (2023). (1\u2032S)-1\u2032-Acetoxyeugenol Acetate Enhances Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12030579"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamsudin, N.F., Ahmed, Q.U., Mahmood, S., Shah, S.A.A., Sarian, M.N., Khattak, M.M.A.K., Khatib, A., Sabere, A.S.M., Yusoff, Y.M., and Latip, J. (2022). Flavonoids as Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents: A Review on Structural Activity Relationship-Based Studies and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012605"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114132","article-title":"Downregulation of TLR4\/MyD88\/P38MAPK and JAK\/STAT Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells by Alpinia Galanga Reveals Its Beneficial Effects in Inflammation","volume":"275","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7874","article-title":"The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Galangin in Different Diseases","volume":"37","author":"Hassanein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangaiyan, R., Arjunan, S., Govindasamy, K., Khan, H.A., Alhomida, A.S., and Prasad, N.R. (2020). Galangin Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Inflammation and Fibrosis in the Cardiac Tissue of Albino Wistar Rats. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.585163"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantan, I., Haque, M.A., Rohani, A.S., Nugraha, S.E., Salim, E., Septama, A.W., Juwita, N.A., Khairunnisa, N.A., and Nasution, H.R. (2023). Immunomodulatory Effects and Mechanisms of the Extracts and Secondary Compounds of Zingiber and Alpinia Species: A Review. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1222195"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-017-0254-9","article-title":"Interactions between Antidiabetic Drugs and Herbs: An Overview of Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.006","article-title":"A Novel Formulation of [6]-Gingerol: Proliposomes with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Antitumor Effect","volume":"535","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deleanu, M., Toma, L., Sanda, G.M., Barb\u0103lat\u0103, T., Niculescu, L.\u015e., Sima, A.V., Deleanu, C., S\u0103c\u0103rescu, L., Suciu, A., and Alexandru, G. (2023). Formulation of Phytosomes with Extracts of Ginger Rhizomes and Rosehips with Improved Bioavailability, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vivo. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041066"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zag\u00f3rska, J., Pietrzak, K., Kukula-Koch, W., Czop, M., Laszuk, J., and Koch, W. (2023). Influence of Diet on the Bioavailability of Active Components from Zingiber officinale Using an In Vitro Digestion Model. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213897"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac035","article-title":"Orally Consumed Ginger and Human Health: An Umbrella Review","volume":"115","author":"Crichton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hcaa052.053","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa052.053","article-title":"Effects of Ginger Powder Supplementation on Glycemic Status and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"113","author":"Elgayar","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2023.2263788","article-title":"The Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"21","author":"Ghoreishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"131","article-title":"The Effects of Ginger on Fasting Blood Sugar, Hemoglobin A1c, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein A-I and Malondialdehyde in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"14","author":"Khandouzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancard.2021.09.010","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe Extracts in Type 2 Diabetic Cameroonians Patients after Six Weeks of Add-on Therapy: A Single Clinical-Arm Trial","volume":"71","author":"Wafeu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiol. D\u2019ang\u00e9iologie"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.31254\/jahm.2021.7209","article-title":"Effect of Curcuma longa L. and Curcumin on Diabetes and It\u2019s Complications: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Galappatthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ayurvedic Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Mohammed, D.M., Alkafaas, S.S., Ghosh, S., Negm, S.H., Salem, H.M., Fahmy, M.A., Mosa, W.F.A., and Ibrahim, E.H. (2025). Curcumin, an Active Component of Turmeric: Biological Activities, Nutritional Aspects, Immunological, Bioavailability, and Human Health Benefits\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1603018"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11372","article-title":"Curcumin, the Active Substance of Turmeric: Its Effects on Health and Ways to Improve Its Bioavailability","volume":"101","author":"Swelum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-01022-3","article-title":"Curcumin Extract Improves Beta Cell Functions in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Yaikwawong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulboac\u0103, A.E., Porfire, A.S., Tefas, L.R., Boarescu, P.M., Bolboac\u0103, S.D., St\u0103nescu, I.C., Bulboac\u0103, A.C., and Dogaru, G. (2019). Liposomal Curcumin Is Better than Curcumin to Alleviate Complications in Experimental Diabetic Mellitus. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050846"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c07326","article-title":"Curcumin Formulations for Better Bioavailability: What We Learned from Clinical Trials Thus Far?","volume":"8","author":"Hegde","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8304","article-title":"The Effect of Curcumin-Piperine Supplementation on Lipid Profile, Glycemic Index, Inflammation, and Blood Pressure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"38","author":"Hosseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.M., and Kim, Y. (2024). Is Curcumin Intake Really Effective for Chronic Inflammatory Metabolic Disease? A Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111728"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.53293\/jasn.2022.4876.1157","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Galangin with \u03b2-Cyclodextrin: An in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"3","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, A., Nghiem, K.S., Gampe, N., Gar\u00e1di, Z., Boldizs\u00e1r, I., Backlund, A., Darcsi, A., Nedves, A.N., and Riethm\u00fcller, E. (2022). Stability Study of Alpinia Galanga Constituents and Investigation of Their Membrane Permeability by ChemGPS-NP and the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091967"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Preparation of Galangin Self-Microemulsion Drug Delivery System and Evaluation of Its Pharmacokinetics in Vivo and Antioxidant Activity in Vitro","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70438","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70438","article-title":"Enhancement of In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Alpinia Officinarum Hance Extract With Dual-Coated Liposomes","volume":"13","author":"Karkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.169006","article-title":"Anti-Diabetic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Alpinia Galanga Linn. Aerial Parts in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"36","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"AYU"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0301-4","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects of Curcuminoids in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Panahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamichhane, G., Godsey, T.J., Liu, J., Franks, R., Zhang, G., Emerson, S.R., and Kim, Y. (2025). Twelve-Week Curcumin Supplementation Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Gut Health in Prediabetic Older Adults: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132164"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.09.029","article-title":"Curcumin Administration and the Effects on Psychological Status and Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Damage in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"40","author":"Shafabakhsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/2\/311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:40:11Z","timestamp":1768563611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/2\/311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31020311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31020311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]}}}