{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:19:37Z","timestamp":1779142777864,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymus, Satureja, and Monarda are three plant genera, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, that are particularly valued for their essential oils (EOs) abundant in phenolic terpenoids. In this study, a botanical characterization of the following eight Eastern European cultivars (some of them newly bred) grown in Ukraine is distinguished: Thymus vulgaris (\u2018Yalos\u2019, \u2018101\u2019), Thymus richardii (\u2018Fantasia\u2019), Satureja montana (\u2018Krymsky smaragd\u2019, \u2018Lunata\u2019, \u20184-18\u2019), Monarda fistulosa (\u2018Premiera\u2019), and Monarda \u00d7 hybrida hort., which is a Monarda didyma \u00d7 Monarda fistulosa hybrid (\u2018Tonya\u2019). The EO of those cultivars was obtained and characterized in detail using GC-MS and GC-FID. Additionally, some biological activities of these oils were tested. Antimicrobial activity was verified against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Furthermore, some preliminary tests were performed on the motility of bull sperm using the CASA system. All the Thymus cultivars were very rich in thymol (57.99\u201367.62%), and all the S. montana cultivars were very abundant in carvacrol (62.22\u201375.53%). M. fistulosa cv. \u2018Premiera\u2019 contained mainly thymol (49.87%), and M. \u00d7 hybrida cv. \u2018Tonya\u2019 contained both thymol (46.70%) and carvacrol (10.37%). All the tested EOs, as well as thymol and carvacrol, exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal action with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from &lt;0.25\u20130.5 mg\/mL for Satureja, through &lt;0.25\u20130.5 mg\/mL for Monarda, to 0.5\u20134 mg\/mL for Thymus. The EOs, at a concentration of 0.4 \u00b5L\/mL, exhibited cytotoxicity towards bull spermatozoa when compared to the control sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:35:27Z","timestamp":1768822527000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biological Characterization and Essential Oil Profiles of Eastern European Cultivars of Thymus, Satureja, and Monarda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pokajewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3754-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Chodura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2775-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayet Ahlem","family":"Lezrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory in Marine Ecosystems and Aquaculture, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liudmyla","family":"Svydenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of the NAAS of Ukraine, Khlibodarske, Odesa District, 67667 Odesa, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2565-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Nabrdalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4919-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Moliszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9925-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofiane","family":"Fatmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory in Marine Ecosystems and Aquaculture, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2240-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliia","family":"Hudz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Biopharmacy, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr P.","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/tax.594007","article-title":"Phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae): The story of molecules and micromorphological characters","volume":"59","author":"Moon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"400","article-title":"Review on the Biological Activities and Phytochemistry of the Genus Satureja","volume":"19","author":"Kartal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. 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