{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:38:08Z","timestamp":1769027888707,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007336","name":"University of Bucharest","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The threats leading to the extinction of humanity accelerate the evolution and development of materials that are capable of providing conditions for preserving health and, implicitly, life. In our work, we developed drug delivery systems based on mesoporous silica which can deliver an antibiotic, bacitracin, in a more controlled manner. The synthesis of the FDU-12 was performed through a sol\u2013gel method and alternatively functionalized with -NH2 groups or with poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) chains. The loading of bacitracin was performed using the vacuum-assisted method we successfully used to load these mesoporous materials preferentially within the pores as proved by the TGA-DSC results. The release was performed in two types of simulated body fluid (SBF) and this process was evaluated with chromatographic method using UV detection. The obtained data were fitted in three mathematical models of kinetic drug release (Weibull model, Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model, and nonlinear regression). The antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated that bacitracin-loaded FDU-12 formulations exhibited strong activity against both reference and clinical Staphylococcus strains. At sub-inhibitory concentrations, all formulations significantly reduced microbial adherence and biofilm formation, although certain strain-dependent stimulatory effects were observed. Furthermore, exposure to sub-MIC levels modulated the production of soluble virulence factors (hemolysins, lipase, and amylase), in a formulation- and strain-dependent manner, underscoring the ability of surface-functionalized FDU-12 carriers to influence bacterial pathogenicity while enhancing antimicrobial efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1768834734000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Functionalized Mesoporous Silica FDU-12 Loaded with Bacitracin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Adrian","family":"Vasile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3371-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Motelica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Research Center for Innovative Materials, Products and Processes, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0559-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza-Andreea","family":"M\u00eer\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry\u2013ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Vasilievici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry\u2013ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oana-Maria","family":"Memecic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioresources and Polymer Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu Cristian","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4207-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian-Vasile","family":"Surdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxana Doina","family":"Tru\u0219c\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8695-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Chircov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan \u0218tefan","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Research Center for Innovative Materials, Products and Processes, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9497-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeno Dorian","family":"Ghizdavet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denisa","family":"Ficai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Albu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioresources and Polymer Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Gh. Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Pericleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intr. Portocalelor No. 1\u20133, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea \u0218tefania","family":"Dumbrav\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intr. Portocalelor No. 1\u20133, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1436-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara-M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncologic Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d Emergency University Hospital, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), B.P Hasdeu No. 7, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Gheorghe-Barbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Intr. 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