{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:51:16Z","timestamp":1790142676614,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\u2014Foundation Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","award":["88887.630761\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.630761\/2021-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that continues to present major therapeutic difficulties. Although targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved outcomes, resistance and treatment-related toxicity limit long-term benefit. In recent years, nanotechnology has been explored as a way to improve how drugs are delivered and to achieve greater tumor selectivity. Among available nanocarriers, liposomes have attracted particular interest. Built from lipid bilayers, they can carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules, and they are generally well tolerated. Importantly, their surface can be modified with polymers or targeting ligands to direct the carrier more selectively to melanoma cells. Experimental models show that liposomal drug formulations can increase concentrations in tumor tissue while limiting distribution to healthy organs. They have also been used successfully to combine different types of agents, chemotherapies, immunomodulators, and nucleic acids, within a single delivery system. These findings suggest genuine potential to address several of the shortcomings of conventional treatments. Although translation to the clinic is slowed by challenges such as formulation stability and large-scale production, liposomes represent an important step toward safer and more effective melanoma therapy within the broader field of oncologic nanotechnology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1768834734000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nanotechnology in Cutaneous Oncology: The Role of Liposomes in Targeted Melanoma Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ellen Paim de Abreu","family":"Paulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05585-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laertty Garcia de Sousa","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05585-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Poyet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMRS1342\u2014CNRS EMR8000, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durvanei Augusto","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo 05585-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, J., Rodrigues, C.M.P., Gaspar, M.M., and Reis, C.P. (2022). Melanoma Management: From Epidemiology to Treatment and Latest Advances. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194652"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Cutaneous Melanoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapy (Review)","volume":"52","author":"Leonardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpt.2024.08.002","article-title":"Overview of Skin Cancer Types and Prevalence Rates across Continents","volume":"3","author":"Roky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01854-3","article-title":"Skin Cancer: Understanding the Journey of Transformation from Conventional to Advanced Treatment Approaches","volume":"22","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"79","article-title":"Identifying Types of Skin Cancer, Risk Factors, and Effective Treatments","volume":"10","author":"Carter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120413","article-title":"A Review on Liposome-Based Therapeutic Approaches against Malignant Melanoma","volume":"599","author":"Mirzavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-018-2726-1","article-title":"Melanoma Treatment: From Conventional to Nanotechnology","volume":"144","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0059-7","article-title":"Cell Death-Based Treatments of Melanoma: Conventional Treatments and New Therapeutic Strategies Review-Article","volume":"9","author":"Mattia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000628","article-title":"Frequency of Mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT in Different Populations and Histological Subtypes of Melanoma: A Systemic Review","volume":"30","author":"Nova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.366","article-title":"Beyond BRAFV600: Clinical Mutation Panel Testing by next-Generation Sequencing in Advanced Melanoma","volume":"135","author":"Siroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.07.012","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics Associated with BRAF, NRAS and KIT Mutations in Japanese Melanoma Patients","volume":"80","author":"Sakaizawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"7043","article-title":"BRAF, NRAS and c-KIT Advanced Melanoma: Clinico-Pathological Features, Targeted-Therapy Strategies and Survival","volume":"37","author":"Ponti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixido, C., Castillo, P., Martinez-Vila, C., Arance, A., and Alos, L. (2021). Molecular Markers and Targets in Melanoma. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092320"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siroy, A.E., Davies, M.A., and Lazar, A.J. (2016). The PI3K-AKT Pathway in Melanoma. Genetics of Melanoma, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3554-3_7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pappalardo, F., Russo, G., Candido, S., Pennisi, M., Cavalieri, S., Motta, S., McCubrey, J.A., Nicoletti, F., and Libra, M. (2016). Computational Modeling of PI3K\/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Melanoma Cancer. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152104"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748241274978","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748241274978","article-title":"Cutaneous Oncology: Strategies for Melanoma Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy","volume":"31","author":"Saeed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122616","article-title":"Unravelling the in vivo Dynamics of Liposomes: Insights into Biodistribution and Cellular Membrane Interactions","volume":"346","author":"Paramshetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, B., Satapathy, B.S., Bhattacharya, S., Chakraborty, R., and Mishra, V.P. (2017). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modulations of Therapeutically Active Constituents from Orally Administered Nanocarriers Along with a Glimpse of Their Advantages and Limitations. Nano- and Microscale Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Fabrication, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-52727-9.00019-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114021","article-title":"Preclinical Validation of a New Hybrid Molecule Loaded in Liposomes for Melanoma Management","volume":"157","author":"Pinho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.117","article-title":"Engineering Nanomedicines for Improved Melanoma Therapy: Progress and Promises","volume":"5","author":"Bei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00943","article-title":"Cancer Targeted Gene Therapy for Inhibition of Melanoma Lung Metastasis with EIF3i ShRNA Loaded Liposomes","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00846-z","article-title":"Dual Activity of PD-L1 Targeted Doxorubicin Immunoliposomes Promoted an Enhanced Efficacy of the Antitumor Immune Response in Melanoma Murine Model","volume":"19","author":"Merino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2017-0154","article-title":"Stimulus-Responsive Liposomes as Smart Nanoplatforms for Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"7","author":"Zangabad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1450","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1450","article-title":"Stimuli-Responsive Liposomes for Drug Delivery","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00228","article-title":"Survey of Clinical Translation of Cancer Nanomedicines\u2014Lessons Learned from Successes and Failures","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.12.001","article-title":"Cancer Nanomedicine toward Clinical Translation: Obstacles, Opportunities, and Future Prospects","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strashilov, S., and Yordanov, A. (2021). Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Melanoma: Current Concepts and Advances. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126395"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1349","article-title":"Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: A Review of Early Diagnosis and Management","volume":"12","author":"Naik","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10030","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09780","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Various Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Skin Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Dachani","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102716","article-title":"Updated Cancer Burden in Oldest Old: A Population-Based Study Using 2022 Globocan Estimates","volume":"95","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Balch, C.M., Atkins, M.B., Garbe, C., Gershenwald, J.E., Halpern, A.C., Kirkwood, J.M., Mcarthur, G.A., Thompson, J.F., and Sober, A.J. (2020). Biology of Melanocytes and Primary Melanoma, Springer."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Melanoma-Clinical, Dermatoscopical, and Histopathological Morphological Characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Buljan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saginala, K., Barsouk, A., Aluru, J.S., Rawla, P., and Barsouk, A. (2021). Epidemiology of Melanoma. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9040063"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pathology of Melanoma and Skin Carcinomas","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Therapies in Advanced Cutaneous Malignancies"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2025.01.015","article-title":"Nodular Melanoma","volume":"43","author":"Gronbeck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000619","article-title":"Estimated Risk of Progression of Lentigo Maligna to Lentigo Maligna Melanoma","volume":"30","author":"Menzies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12885","article-title":"Acral Lentiginous Melanoma: Basic Facts, Biological Characteristics and Research Perspectives of an Understudied Disease","volume":"34","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25317","article-title":"Desmoplastic Melanoma","volume":"119","author":"Nicolson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000571","article-title":"Amelanotic Melanoma","volume":"29","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santeufemia, D.A., Palmieri, G., Miolo, G., Colombino, M., Doro, M.G., Frogheri, L., Paliogiannis, P., Capobianco, G., Madonia, M., and Cossu, A. (2023). Current Trends in Mucosal Melanomas: An Overview. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051356"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6513-7","article-title":"Melanoma Staging: American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th Edition and Beyond","volume":"25","author":"Gershenwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2025.03.011","article-title":"Melanoma Staging Systems","volume":"43","author":"Bardhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25343","article-title":"Clinical Implications of the Eighth Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Melanoma Staging","volume":"119","author":"Crompton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2217\/mmt-2019-0022","article-title":"Epidemiology and Survival Outcomes in Stages II and III Cutaneous Melanoma: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melanoma Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2019.01.225","article-title":"Stage-Specific Disease Recurrence and Survival in Localized and Regionally Advanced Cutaneous Melanoma","volume":"45","author":"Leeneman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puglisi, R., Bellenghi, M., Pontecorvi, G., Pallante, G., Car\u00e8, A., and Mattia, G. (2021). Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Response Toimmunotherapy in Melanoma. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13122875"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liszkay, G., M\u00e1trai, Z., Czirbesz, K., Jani, N., Bencze, E., and Kenessey, I. (2021). Predictive and Prognostic Value of Braf and Nras Mutation of 159 Sentinel Lymph Node Cases in Melanoma\u2014A Retrospective Single-institute Study. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133302"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, I.L., Emri, G., Lad\u00e1nyi, A., and T\u00edm\u00e1r, J. (2025). Clinical Applications of the Molecular Landscape of Melanoma: Integration of Research into Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17091422"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdez-Salazar, F., Jim\u00e9nez-Del Rio, L.A., Padilla-Guti\u00e9rrez, J.R., Valle, Y., Mu\u00f1oz-Valle, J.F., and Vald\u00e9s-Alvarado, E. (2024). Advances in Melanoma: From Genetic Insights to Therapeutic Innovations. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081851"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.J., and Kim, Y.H. (2024). Molecular Frontiers in Melanoma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052984"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imani, S., Roozitalab, G., Emadi, M., Moradi, A., Behzadi, P., and Jabbarzadeh Kaboli, P. (2024). The Evolution of BRAF-Targeted Therapies in Melanoma: Overcoming Hurdles and Unleashing Novel Strategies. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1504142"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, H., Yacoub, N., Mishra, R., White, A., Yuan, L., Alanazi, S., and Garrett, J.T. (2020). Current Advances in the Treatment of Braf-Mutant Melanoma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020482"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.113287","article-title":"Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Anti-PD-1 + CTLA-4 Therapy, Anti-PD-1 Therapy, Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy, BRAF\/MEK Inhibitors, BRAF Inhibitors, or Conventional Chemotherapy for the Management of Melanoma Brain Metastases","volume":"192","author":"Dohm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0884-8","article-title":"BRAF and MEK Inhibitors: Use and Resistance in BRAF-Mutated Cancers","volume":"78","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, H.T., and Djamgoz, M.B.A. (2018). Immuno-Oncology: Emerging Targets and Combination Therapies. Front. Oncol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00315"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khair, D.O., Bax, H.J., Mele, S., Crescioli, S., Pellizzari, G., Khiabany, A., Nakamura, M., Harris, R.J., French, E., and Hoffmann, R.M. (2019). Combining Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Established and Emerging Targets and Strategies to Improve Outcomes in Melanoma. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00453"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048747","article-title":"Combined Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Checkpoint Blockade: Treatment of Melanoma and Immune Mechanisms of Action","volume":"51","author":"Willsmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamad, I., Harb, A.A., and Bustanji, Y. (2024). Liposome-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Research: An Analysis of Global Landscape Efforts and Achievements. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030400"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Li, W., Wang, Z., and Lu, J. (2024). Lipid-Based Nanotechnology: Liposome. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010034"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8","article-title":"Nano Based Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Developments and Future Prospects","volume":"16","author":"Patra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias, M., Pinho, J.O., Penetra, M.J., Campos, G., Reis, C.P., and Gaspar, M.M. (2021). The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113088"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.01.011","article-title":"Melanoma Models for the next Generation of Therapies","volume":"39","author":"Patton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00753-5","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the (Modern) Treatment of Melanoma","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioele, G., Chieffallo, M., Occhiuzzi, M.A., De Luca, M., Garofalo, A., Ragno, G., and Grande, F. (2022). Anticancer Drugs: Recent Strategies to Improve Stability Profile, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175436"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00686J","article-title":"Polymer Nano-Systems for the Encapsulation and Delivery of Active Biomacromolecular Therapeutic Agents","volume":"51","author":"MacHtakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6520","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00409A","article-title":"Lipid-Based Nanovesicles for Nanomedicine","volume":"45","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucek, A., Tokarek, B., Waglewska, E., and Bazyli\u0144ska, U. (2020). Recent Advances in the Structural Design of Photosensitive Agent Formulations Using \u201cSoft\u201d Colloidal Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060587"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120051","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Liposome Formulation Parameters and Their Influence on Encapsulation, Stability and Drug Release in Glibenclamide Liposomes","volume":"592","author":"Maritim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2023.2247036","article-title":"Liposomes for Drug Delivery: Review of Vesicular Composition, Factors Affecting Drug Release and Drug Loading in Liposomes","volume":"51","author":"Pande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312898","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312898","article-title":"Phospholipid Membranes as Chemically and Functionally Tunable Materials","volume":"36","author":"Huster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argudo, P.G., Maestro, A., and Guzm\u00e1n, E. (2023). Fluid Interfaces as Models for the Study of Lipid-Based Films with Biophysical Relevance. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13091560"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123604","article-title":"Advances in the Use of Nanoparticles for Specific Cell-Target Delivery of Anti-Cancer Agents","volume":"371","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55349","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2024.69.55349","article-title":"Targeted Cancer Therapy: The Role of Liposomes in Oncology. A Literature Review","volume":"69","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings4010139","article-title":"Biomedical Nanoparticles: Overview of Their Surface Immune-Compatibility","volume":"4","author":"Gamucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riaz, M.K., Riaz, M.A., Zhang, X., Lin, C., Wong, K.H., Chen, X., Zhang, G., Lu, A., and Yang, Z. (2018). Surface Functionalization and Targeting Strategies of Liposomes in Solid Tumor Therapy: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010195"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10748","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02065J","article-title":"Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on the Surface of Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Leo, V., Milano, F., Agostiano, A., and Catucci, L. (2021). Recent Advancements in Polymer\/Liposome Assembly for Drug Delivery: From Surface Modifications to Hybrid Vesicles. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071027"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-2144-3","article-title":"Recent Strategies towards the Surface Modification of Liposomes: An Innovative Approach for Different Clinical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foostr.2023.100308","article-title":"Encapsulation of Marine Bioactive Compounds Using Liposome Technique: Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Oxidative Stability during Storage","volume":"35","author":"Amiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Struct."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2020.12.009","article-title":"Enhancing the Preservation of Liposomes: The Role of Cryoprotectants, Lipid Formulations and Freezing Approaches","volume":"98","author":"Susa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04005-7","article-title":"Different Storage and Freezing Protocols for Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mawazi, S.M., Ge, Y., and Widodo, R.T. (2025). Niosome Preparation Techniques and Structure\u2014An Illustrated Review. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010067"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razak, S.A.A., Mohd Gazzali, A., Fisol, F.A., M. Abdulbaqi, I., Parumasivam, T., Mohtar, N., and A. Wahab, H. (2021). Advances in Nanocarriers for Effective Delivery of Docetaxel in the Treatment of Lung Cancer: An Overview. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030400"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaradat, E., Weaver, E., Meziane, A., and Lamprou, D.A. (2021). Microfluidics Technology for the Design and Formulation of Nanomedicines. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123440"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125881","article-title":"Effect of Positive Charges on Liposome Stability, Uptake Efficacy and Impact on Cells","volume":"681","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100639","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100639","article-title":"Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Comparison of Composition, Pharmacokinetics, and Functionalization","volume":"11","author":"Gandek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13823","article-title":"PEGylated Liposomes Enhance the Effect of Cytotoxic Drug: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Taher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S531026","article-title":"Harnessing Cationic Bilosomes to Create a Green Light-Triggered Nanoplatform for Skin Melanoma Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Waglewska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119799","article-title":"Impacts of Particle Size on the Cytotoxicity, Cellular Internalization, Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Betulinic Acid Nanosuspensions in Combined Chemotherapy","volume":"588","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaei, M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Hasanzadeh Davarani, F., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., and Mozafari, M.R. (2018). Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8091","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.37204","article-title":"Improving Accessibility of EPR-Insensitive Tumor Phenotypes Using EPR-Adaptive Strategies: Designing a New Perspective in Nanomedicine Delivery","volume":"9","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subhan, M.A., Yalamarty, S.S.K., Filipczak, N., Parveen, F., and Torchilin, V.P. (2021). Recent Advances in Tumor Targeting via Epr Effect for Cancer Treatment. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060571"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.10.002","article-title":"The EPR Effect for Macromolecular Drug Delivery to Solid Tumors: Improvement of Tumor Uptake, Lowering of Systemic Toxicity, and Distinct Tumor Imaging in Vivo","volume":"65","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.09.003","article-title":"Intracellular Targeting Delivery of Liposomal Drugs to Solid Tumors Based on EPR Effects","volume":"63","author":"Maruyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.02.040","article-title":"Towards Clinical Translation of Ligand-Functionalized Liposomes in Targeted Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"277","author":"Belfiore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-3131","article-title":"Antibody-Targeted Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Melanoma","volume":"76","author":"Nevala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-023-00213-7","article-title":"Nanoliposomal VEGF-R2 Peptide Vaccine Acts as an Effective Therapeutic Vaccine in a Murine B16F10 Model of Melanoma","volume":"14","author":"Zahedipour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6789","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S517331","article-title":"Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems for Enhanced Melanoma Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-020-00233-6","article-title":"Engineering of Stimuli-Responsive Lipid-Bilayer Membranes Using Supramolecular Systems","volume":"5","author":"Langton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S287272","article-title":"Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Thermosensitive Liposomes Modified with Membrane Peptides for the Local Chemo\/Photothermal Therapy of Melanoma","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrbyawi, H., Poudel, I., Annaji, M., Boddu, S.H.S., Arnold, R.D., Tiwari, A.K., and Babu, R.J. (2022). PH-Sensitive Liposomes for Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Daunorubicin in Melanoma (B16-BL6) Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061128"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1389","article-title":"PH-Sensitive Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents","volume":"8","author":"Karimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, A., Banerjee, C., and Jakaria, M.G. (2024). Near-infrared (NIR) responsive nanomaterial\u2013liposome nanohybrids for cancer photothermal therapy. Biomarkers in Cancer Detection and Monitoring of Therapeutics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95114-2.00007-8"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Fernandez, A., Manchanda, R., and Kumari, M. (2023). Lipid-Engineered Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Management. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1125093"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7627","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S263516","article-title":"Development, Characterization and Use of Liposomes as Amphipathic Transporters of Bioactive Compounds for Melanoma Treatment and Reduction of Skin Inflammation: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., Liu, C., Chen, S., and Zhang, W. (2021). Nanocarrier-based Drug Delivery for Melanoma Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041873"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobol, \u017b., Chiczewski, R., and W\u0105tr\u00f3bska-\u015awietlikowska, D. (2025). Advances in Liposomal Drug Delivery: Multidirectional Perspectives on Overcoming Biological Barriers. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070885"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozak, A., Lavrih, E., Mikhaylov, G., Turk, B., and Vasiljeva, O. (2025). Navigating the Clinical Landscape of Liposomal Therapeutics in Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020276"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Chen, Y., Guo, J., and Huang, Q. (2023). Liposomes for Tumor Targeted Therapy: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032643"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahim, M.A., Jan, N., Khan, S., Shah, H., Madni, A., Khan, A., Jabar, A., Khan, S., Elhissi, A., and Hussain, Z. (2021). Recent Advancements in Stimuli Responsive Drug Delivery Platforms for Active and Passive Cancer Targeting. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040670"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"20180032","article-title":"Passive and Active Targeting in Cancer Therapy by Liposomes and Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Alavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pers. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vagena, I.A., Malapani, C., Gatou, M.A., Lagopati, N., and Pavlatou, E.A. (2025). Enhancement of EPR Effect for Passive Tumor Targeting: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063189"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"3","article-title":"Passive vs. Active Targeting: An Update of the EPR Role in Drug Delivery to Tumors","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Alonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano-Oncologicals: New Targeting and Delivery Approaches, Advances in Delivery Science and Technology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda-Reyes, E.D., Gonzalez de Mejia, E., Eller, F.J., Berhow, M.A., Perea-Flores, M.d.J., and D\u00e1vila-Ort\u00edz, G. (2021). Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from Amaranthus hypochondriacus as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081960"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536802","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2025.2536802","article-title":"Enhancing targeted delivery and efficacy of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin with liposomal minoxidil: Comprehensive in silico, in vitro, and in vivo tumor model studies","volume":"32","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"80","article-title":"Liposomes and PEGylated Liposomes as Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"3","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Biomed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S190736","article-title":"Liposomes Targeted to MHC-Restricted Antigen Improve Drug Delivery and Antimelanoma Response","volume":"14","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8958-4_4","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Melanoma: Present and Future Strategies","volume":"Volume 1904","author":"Bhandaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2009.00581.x","article-title":"Use of Liposomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Treatment of Melanoma","volume":"22","author":"Tran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b13738","article-title":"Coadministration of Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid-Modified Liposomes with Tumor-Penetrating Peptide-IRGD Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Doxorubicin against Melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.013","article-title":"Peptide-Modified Vemurafenib-Loaded Liposomes for Targeted Inhibition of Melanoma via the Skin","volume":"182","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.009","article-title":"A PH-Responsive Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Modified Liposomes with Active Recognizing of Integrin Av\u03b23 for the Treatment of Melanoma","volume":"217","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409012","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202409012","article-title":"Liposome-Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Copper Diethyldithiocarbamate and 6-Bromo-Indirubin-3\u2032-Oxime Enable the Treatment of Refractive Melanoma","volume":"21","author":"Paun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9078","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2397","article-title":"Targeting Melanoma Growth and Metastasis with Systemic Delivery of Liposome-Incorporated Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Small Interfering RNA","volume":"68","author":"Villares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800091","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.201800091","article-title":"Advances in Receptor-Mediated, Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Large","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egorova, E.A., and Nikitin, M.P. (2022). Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles to Various Cancers by Means of Integrin-Binding Peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213735"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, P. (2018). Integrin-Mediated Delivery of Drugs and Nucleic Acids for Anti-Angiogenic Cancer Therapy: Current Landscape and Remaining Challenges. Bioengineering, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5040076"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieberler, M., Reuning, U., Reichart, F., Notni, J., Wester, H.J., Schwaiger, M., Weinm\u00fcller, M., R\u00e4der, A., Steiger, K., and Kessler, H. (2017). Exploring the Role of RGD-Recognizing Integrins in Cancer. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9090116"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awwad, S., and Angkawinitwong, U. (2018). Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030083"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.12.014","article-title":"Recent Advances in HER2-Targeted Delivery for Cancer Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Dhritlahre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170817152554","article-title":"Antibody Fragments as Potential Biopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy: Success and Limitations","volume":"26","author":"Kholodenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.07.016","article-title":"The Transferrin Receptor and the Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents against Cancer","volume":"1820","author":"Daniels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c00077","article-title":"Harnessing Folate Receptors: A Comprehensive Review on the Applications of Folate-Adorned Nanocarriers for the Management of Melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Sahane","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162025010030","article-title":"Recent Advances in Liposomes Efficacy as a Drug Delivery Platform for Melanoma Treatment","volume":"51","author":"Zarenezhad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adamus-Grabicka, A.A., Hikisz, P., and Sikora, J. (2024). Nanotechnology as a Promising Method in the Treatment of Skin Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042165"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corte-Real, M., Veiga, F., Paiva-Santos, A.C., and Pires, P.C. (2024). Improving Skin Cancer Treatment by Dual Drug Co-Encapsulation into Liposomal Systems\u2014An Integrated Approach towards Anticancer Synergism and Targeted Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16091200"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1205-7_41","article-title":"Use of Nanoparticles in Delivery of Nucleic Acids for Melanoma Treatment","volume":"2265","author":"Obeid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloss, K., and Hamar, P. (2023). Recent Preclinical and Clinical Progress in Liposomal Doxorubicin. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030893"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.04.028","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Preclinical Studies Comparing the Anticancer Efficacy of Liposomal versus Conventional Non-Liposomal Doxorubicin","volume":"232","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000182","article-title":"Emerging Delivery Systems to Reduce Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity and Improve Therapeutic Index: Focus on Liposomes","volume":"26","author":"Tahover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.03.049","article-title":"Improved Melanoma Suppression with Target-Delivered TRAIL and Paclitaxel by a Multifunctional Nanocarrier","volume":"325","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.07.025","article-title":"Nanoparticulate Delivery of Potent Microtubule Inhibitor for Metastatic Melanoma Treatment","volume":"309","author":"Bariwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3553-2","article-title":"Co-Delivery of TRAIL and Paclitaxel by Fibronectin-Targeting Liposomal Nanodisk for Effective Lung Melanoma Metastasis Treatment","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02214-5","article-title":"Present and Future of Cancer Nano-Immunotherapy: Opportunities, Obstacles and Challenges","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haist, M., Mail\u00e4nder, V., and Bros, M. (2022). Nanodrugs Targeting T Cells in Tumor Therapy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.912594"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Z., Da Silva, C.G., van der Maaden, K., Ossendorp, F., and Cruz, L.J. (2020). Liposome-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111054"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05552-6","article-title":"Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Antibody, Anti-PD-L1 Antibody and Anti-CTLA-4 Antibody in Cancer Therapy","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidram, M., Zhao, Y., Shebardina, N.G., Baldin, A.V., Bazhin, A.V., Ganjalikhany, M.R., Zamyatnin, A.A., and Ganjalikhani-Hakemi, M. (2021). Mrna-Based Cancer Vaccines: A Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Melanoma Patients. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101060"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zcaa025","DOI":"10.1093\/narcan\/zcaa025","article-title":"Addressing Cancer Signal Transduction Pathways with Antisense and SiRNA Oligonucleotides","volume":"2","author":"Juliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"NAR Cancer"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2016-0275","article-title":"Translating Nanoparticulate-Personalized Cancer Vaccines into Clinical Applications: Case Study with RNA-Lipoplexes for the Treatment of Melanoma","volume":"11","author":"Grabbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113710","article-title":"Ultrasound-Propelled Liposome Circumvention and SiRNA Silencing Reverse BRAF Mutation-Arised Cancer Resistance to Trametinib","volume":"234","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwattar, J.K., Mneimneh, A.T., Abla, K.K., Mehanna, M.M., and Allam, A.N. (2021). Smart Stimuli-Responsive Liposomal Nanohybrid Systems: A Critical Review of Theranostic Behavior in Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030355"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738510666220214102626","article-title":"Recent Advancements of Stimuli-Responsive Targeted Liposomal Formulations for Cancer Drug Delivery","volume":"10","author":"Alrbyawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2017.1339738","article-title":"Thermo-Responsive Magnetic Liposomes for Hyperthermia-Triggered Local Drug Delivery","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuwatfa, W.H., Awad, N.S., Pitt, W.G., and Husseini, G.A. (2022). Thermosensitive Polymers and Thermo-Responsive Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050925"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117906441769525","DOI":"10.1177\/1179064417695255","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Antimetastatic Effect of Glutathione Disulfide Liposomes","volume":"10","author":"Sadhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Growth Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.025","article-title":"Glutathione Reductase-Mediated Thiol Oxidative Stress Suppresses Metastasis of Murine Melanoma Cells","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170127","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0127","article-title":"Variation of Thermal Conductivity of DPPC Lipid Bilayer Membranes around the Phase Transition Temperature","volume":"14","author":"Youssefian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/08982109909035549","article-title":"Enhancement of the Phase Transition Permeability of DPPC Liposomes by Incorporation of MPPC: A New Temperature-Sensitive Liposome for Use with Mild Hyperthermia","volume":"9","author":"Anyarambhatla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1903060","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903060","article-title":"Remote Light-Responsive Nanocarriers for Controlled Drug Delivery: Advances and Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraf, S., Rathee, S., Kumari, P., and Vishwakarma, N. (2025). Light-Triggered Vesicular Carriers for Tumor Targeting. Tumor-Targeting with Stimuli-Responsive Vesicular Nanocarriers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-29125-8.00010-7"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2021.2005610","article-title":"Light Mediated Drug Delivery Systems: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Pokharel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104014","article-title":"Enzyme-Responsive Liposomes for Controlled Drug Release","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.02.009","article-title":"Stimulus-Responsive Nanoscale Delivery Systems Triggered by the Enzymes in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102385","article-title":"Multifunctional Nanoplatforms for Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling: Toward Precision and Intelligent Cancer Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, L., Janssen, N., Layland, S.L., M\u00fcrdter, T.E., Nies, A.T., Schenke-Layland, K., and Marzi, J. (2021). Raman Imaging and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy for Diagnosis of Cancer State and Metabolic Monitoring. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225682"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilabert-Oriol, R., Ryan, G.M., Leung, A.W.Y., Firmino, N.S., Bennewith, K.L., and Bally, M.B. (2018). Liposomal Formulations to Modulate the Tumour Microenvironment and Antitumour Immune Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102922"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2024.2393308","article-title":"Liposome Preparation of Alpha-Arbutin: Stability and Toxicity Assessment Using Mouse B16F10 Melanoma Cells","volume":"87","author":"Viana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.02.011","article-title":"Enhanced Solubility and Stability of PEGylated Liposomal Paclitaxel: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation","volume":"338","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sias-Fonseca, L., Costa, P.C., Saraiva, L., Alves, A., and Amaral, M.H. (2025). Promising Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Melanoma Treatment. Colloids Interfaces, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids9040053"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22407-6","article-title":"Co-Delivery of IOX1 and Doxorubicin for Antibody-Independent Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.059","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic Treatment of Lung Cancer and Bone Metastasis with a MPLA\/MRNA Tumor Vaccine","volume":"169","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114243","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Immunotherapy of Melanoma Using Nanotechnology-Based Strategies","volume":"159","author":"Bahreyni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.06.028","article-title":"Liposomal Temozolomide Drug Delivery Using Convection Enhanced Delivery","volume":"261","author":"Yaffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, S., Khwaza, V., Alven, S., Naki, T., and Aderibigbe, B.A. (2025). PEGylated Nanoliposomes Encapsulated with Anticancer Drugs for Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapy: An Update. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020190"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2025.100473","article-title":"From Bench to Bedside: Advancing Liposomal Doxorubicin for Targeted Cancer Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.10.002","article-title":"The Progress and Perspective of Nanomedicine in Modulating the Tumor Immune Microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, X., and Wu, G. (2025). Advances in Mechanisms and Challenges in Clinical Translation of Synergistic Nanomaterial-Based Therapies for Melanoma. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1648379"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moni, S.S., Moshi, J.M., Matou-Nasri, S., Alotaibi, S., Hawsawi, Y.M., Elmobark, M.E., Hakami, A.M.S., Jeraiby, M.A., Sulayli, A.A., and Moafa, H.N. (2025). Advances in Materials Science for Precision Melanoma Therapy: Nanotechnology-Enhanced Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030296"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.1995.10.293","article-title":"Allogeneic Human Liposomal Melanoma Vaccine with or without IL-2 in Metastatic Melanoma Patients: Clinical and Immunobiological Effects","volume":"10","author":"Adler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Biother."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-200304000-00015","article-title":"Phase II Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Patients with Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Failing Standard Chemotherapy Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Vorobiof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"540","article-title":"Clinical Phase II Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin as Second-Line Treatment in Disseminated Melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Fink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2207-z","article-title":"Phase I Trial of Lipovaxin-MM, a Novel Dendritic Cell-Targeted Liposomal Vaccine for Malignant Melanoma","volume":"67","author":"Gargett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2537-9","article-title":"An RNA Vaccine Drives Immunity in Checkpoint-Inhibitor-Treated Melanoma","volume":"585","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazouli, I., Bafaloukos, D., Koutserimpas, C., and Samonis, G. (2025). Individualized mRNA Vaccines in Melanoma\u2014Where Do We Stand?. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090986"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/2\/344\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:17:24Z","timestamp":1769059044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/2\/344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31020344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31020344","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}