{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T23:38:33Z","timestamp":1768952313565,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology and Education","award":["ZDXYS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202207"]}]},{"name":"The Open Project of National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention","award":["wk023-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wk023-009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), an invasive species originating from South America, has inflicted considerable agricultural and ecological harm in non-native habitats. While the molluscicide niclosamide is currently effective against P. canaliculata, its prolonged use raises environmental concerns and the risk of resistance development. Results: BAM 15 possesses strong molluscicidal activity against P. canaliculata, with 72 h LC50 values of 0.4564 mg\/L for adults (shell height: 20\u201325 mm), 0.3352 mg\/L for subadults (10\u201315 mm), and 0.1142 mg\/L for juveniles (2\u20133 mm). Metabolomic and proteomic profiling revealed that the altered metabolites and proteins both converged on energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Experimental validation revealed that BAM15 collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential, drove MDA and H2O2 upward while depleting NADPH, boosted CAT, SOD and GPX activities, yet suppressed GR, and ultimately inflicted overt damage in the head-foot tissue of P. canaliculata. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that BAM 15 operates via a three-stage mechanism: (1) it disrupts membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m) and impairs ATP production, severely disturbing energy metabolism; (2) energy deficits stimulate excessive electron transport chain activity, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and initiating oxidative stress; (3) persistent metabolic imbalance and oxidative damage culminate in extensive tissue injury. These results identify BAM 15 as a promising candidate for molluscicide development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:27:58Z","timestamp":1768908478000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BAM 15 Exerts Molluscicidal Effects on Pomacea canaliculata Through the Induction of Oxidative Stress, Impaired Energy Metabolism, and Tissue Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9741-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6214-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoli","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8424-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiankun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuntian","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giae064","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae064","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of the invasive golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata from Asia reveals rapid expansion and adaptive evolution","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6162","article-title":"Survivorship of geographic Pomacea canaliculata populations in responses to cold acclimation","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. 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