{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:20:31Z","timestamp":1792092031550,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shape-stabilized phase change materials (SSPCMs) have been a promising thermal energy storage (TES) solution to combine the high energy density of solid-to-liquid (SL) PCMs and the structural stability of solid\u2013solid PCMs. Although polymeric matrices have been used for their reduced cost and ease of processability, few have evaluated the use of crosslinked natural rubber (NR). In this study, we evaluate by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the preparation of room-temperature tailorable SSCPMs by the design of NR matrices with different crosslink density vulcanized by dicumyl peroxide (DCP) or sulphur, with special focus on the quantification of the content of PCM. The results indicate that the amount of PCM stable in the NR matrix is low, with PCM contents between 16 and 24% and enthalpies between 16 and 20 J\u00b7g\u22121. Likewise, it is well-known that thermophysical properties of the PCMs vary upon confinement in a small-scale porous matrix. The confinement of the PCM in the rubber network results in a measured enthalpy below the expected value, and a melting point depression of up to 23.6 \u00b0C, dependent on crosslink density. These results highlight the structural complexity of NR-PCM composites and the need for further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Designing Natural Rubber Shape Stabilized Phase Change Materials: Impact of Matrix Network on Thermophysical Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3777-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Neira-Vi\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOPMA Research Group, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1559-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Candau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eb-POLICOM\u2014e-PLASCOM, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia i Enginyeria de Materials, Escola d\u2019Enginyeria de Barcelona-Est (EEBE), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana In\u00e9s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIOPMA Research Group, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia de Materials i Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.09.026","article-title":"Review on Concentrating Solar Power Plants and New Developments in High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Technologies","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2014.04.021","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Binary Nitrate Salts\/Expanded Graphite as Composite Phase Change Material","volume":"587","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2014.05.019","article-title":"Preparation and Thermal Properties of Porous Heterogeneous Composite Phase Change Materials Based on Molten Salts\/Expanded Graphite","volume":"107","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2010.03.013","article-title":"KNO3\/NaNO3-Graphite Materials for Thermal Energy Storage at High Temperature: Part I.-Elaboration Methods and Thermal Properties","volume":"30","author":"Acem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2020.110644","article-title":"Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials Using Molten NaNO3\u2014KNO3 Eutectic and Mesoporous Silica Matrices","volume":"215","author":"Mitran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15177","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b02608","article-title":"Evaluation of Different Mesoporous Silica Supports for Energy Storage in Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials with Dual Thermal Responses","volume":"119","author":"Mitran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.075","article-title":"Melting Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Composite Phase Change Material Fabricated by Paraffin and Metal Foam","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/est2.639","article-title":"A Critical Review of Polymer Support-Based Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications","volume":"6","author":"Bidiyasar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.030","article-title":"Shape Stabilised Phase Change Materials Based on a High Melt Viscosity HDPE and Paraffin Waxes","volume":"162","author":"Mu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.114404","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of Paraffin-HDPE Shape Stabilized PCM with Hybrid Carbon Nano-Additives","volume":"163","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-009-0146-7","article-title":"Preparation, Thermal Properties and Thermal Reliability of Form-Stable Paraffin\/Polypropylene Composite for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"17","author":"Alkan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12590","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.6b04039","article-title":"Phase-Change Thermoplastic Elastomer Blends for Tunable Shape Memory by Physical Design","volume":"55","author":"Mineart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2020.178566","article-title":"Form-Stable Phase-Change Elastomer Gels Derived from Thermoplastic Elastomer Copolyesters Swollen with Fatty Acids","volume":"686","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH01018J","article-title":"Tunable Thermoplastic Elastomer Gels Derived from Controlled-Distribution Triblock Copolymers with Crystallizable Endblocks","volume":"10","author":"Hames","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.24578","article-title":"Structure\u2013Property Relationships of Fatty Acid Swollen, Crosslinked Natural Rubber Shape Memory Polymers","volume":"56","author":"Pantoja","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1021\/mz500131r","article-title":"Facile Fabrication of a Shape Memory Polymer by Swelling Cross-Linked Natural Rubber with Stearic Acid","volume":"3","author":"Brostowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20240820","article-title":"Comparison of Swollen vs. Compounded Cross-Linked High-Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene\/n-Tetracosane Shape Memory Polymers","volume":"63","author":"Basak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.05.008","article-title":"Two-Way Shape Memory Effects of Sulfur Vulcanized Natural Rubber (NR) and NR\/Paraffin Wax (PW)\/Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites","volume":"77","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4738","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c00319","article-title":"Thermal Annealing of High Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene\/Octadecyl Acrylate Blends as a One-Step Process for Fabricating Shape Memory Polymers","volume":"5","author":"Basak","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200404","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202200404","article-title":"Structure\u2013Property Relationships of Shape Memory, Semicrystalline Polymers Fabricated by In Situ Polymerization and Crosslinking of Octadecyl Acrylate\/Polybutadiene Blends","volume":"44","author":"Basak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"35","article-title":"Effect of Different Paraffin Waxes and Antiozonant on the Processing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber","volume":"15","author":"Kamaruddin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rubber Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1769","article-title":"Swelling and Electrical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates Loaded with Paraffin Wax","volume":"81","author":"Ghani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18033","DOI":"10.1002\/er.6949","article-title":"Phase-Change Composites Silicone Rubber\/Paraffin@SiO2 Microcapsules with Different Core\/Shell Ratio for Thermal Management","volume":"45","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12671","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.5c02616","article-title":"Preparation of Multifunctional Silicone Rubber Composites with Expanded Graphite-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Management","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1021\/am200870e","article-title":"Increasing the Thermal Storage Capacity of a Phase Change Material by Encapsulation: Preparation and Application in Natural Rubber","volume":"3","author":"Phadungphatthanakoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4925","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Phase Change Material in Water Dispersible Polymeric Particles for Thermoregulating Rubber Composites\u2014A Holistic Approach","volume":"44","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.111958","article-title":"Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Phase Change Composites with Excellent Low-Temperature Flexibility for Battery Thermal Management","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.82.83719","article-title":"Polyethylene Wax\/EPDM Blends as Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"90","author":"Dorigato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0095244320933977","article-title":"Effect of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanodiamonds on the Heat Storage Ability of Natural Rubber Composites","volume":"53","author":"Honkanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Elastomers Plast."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.5254\/rct.19.81468","article-title":"Phase-Change Material: Natural Rubber Composites for Heat Storage Application","volume":"93","author":"Ruokangas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.09.007","article-title":"Nanoconfinement Effects on Thermal Properties of Nanoporous Shape-Stabilized Composite PCMs: A Review","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b03267","article-title":"Integration of Pore Confinement and Hydrogen-Bond Influence on the Crystallization Behavior of C18 PCMs in Mesoporous Silica for Form-Stable Phase Change Materials","volume":"6","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13310","DOI":"10.1021\/jp712160k","article-title":"Crystallization Behaviors of N-Octadecane in Confined Space: Crossover of Rotator Phase from Transient to Metastable Induced by Surface Freezing","volume":"112","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12549","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5069818","article-title":"Confined Phase Diagram of Binary n -Alkane Mixtures within Three-Dimensional Microcapsules","volume":"118","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/13\/11\/201","article-title":"Confinement Effects on Freezing and Melting","volume":"13","author":"Christenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R461","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/17\/15\/R01","article-title":"Effects of Confinement on Material Behaviour at the Nanometre Size Scale","volume":"17","author":"Alcoutlabi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12884","DOI":"10.1021\/jp027450t","article-title":"Porous Volume of Inorganic Materials and Degree of Swelling of Elastomers Monitored by DSC Measurements","volume":"107","author":"Baba","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43998","article-title":"Solvents for Thermoporosimetry Analysis of Natural Rubber Networks","volume":"133","author":"Wirtz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1021\/jp055648i","article-title":"Carbon Tetrachloride as a Thermoporometry Liquid Probe to Study the Cross-Linking of Styrene Copolymer Networks","volume":"110","author":"Commereuc","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(03)00014-4","article-title":"Crosslinking of Elastomers Resulting from Ageing: Use of Thermoporosimetry to Characterise the Polymeric Network with n-Heptane as Condensate","volume":"80","author":"Baba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21015","article-title":"Melting of Solvents Nanoconfined by Polymers and Networks","volume":"44","author":"Qin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21060","article-title":"Measurements of Freezing-Point Depression to Evaluate Rubber Network Structure. Crosslinking of Natural Rubber with Dicumyl Peroxide","volume":"45","author":"Posadas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3950(88)90353-X","article-title":"Effect of the Degree of Crosslinking on the Phase Separation Process in the System Natural Rubber-n-Octadecane","volume":"30","author":"Volynskii","year":"1988","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. U.S.S.R."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2015.02.011","article-title":"Investigating Natural Rubber Composition with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Method to Determine Both Protein and Lipid Contents Simultaneously","volume":"43","author":"Rolere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.04.063","article-title":"Role of Stearic Acid in the Strain-Induced Crystallization of Crosslinked Natural Rubber and Synthetic Cis-1,4-Polyisoprene","volume":"48","author":"Kohjiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/app.22066","article-title":"Effect of Fatty Acids on the Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber Detected by Tear Energy Measurements","volume":"98","author":"Kawazura","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.05.020","article-title":"Complex Dependence on the Elastically Active Chains Density of the Strain Induced Crystallization of Vulcanized Natural Rubbers, from Low to High Strain Rate","volume":"97","author":"Candau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5876","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800144u","article-title":"Comparative Study on Strain-Induced Crystallization Behavior of Peroxide Cross-Linked and Sulfur Cross-Linked Natural Rubber","volume":"41","author":"Ikeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111787","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA23498D","article-title":"Diverting the Phase Transition Behaviour of Adipic Acid via Mesoporous Silica Confinement","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3950(88)90060-3","article-title":"Calorimetric Study of Hydrocarbon in the Natural Rubber-Octadecane System","volume":"30","author":"Volynski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. U.S.S.R."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6031(94)02174-M","article-title":"Evaluation of Water in Silica Pores Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry","volume":"256","author":"Ishikiriyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21589","article-title":"Anomalous Melting Behavior of Cyclohexane and Cyclooctane in Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) Precursors and Model Networks","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12168","DOI":"10.1021\/la402884g","article-title":"Melting of Linear Alkanes between Swollen Elastomers and Solid Substrates","volume":"29","author":"Nanjundiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1021\/jp020772c","article-title":"A Frozen Tube Model of Melting Point Depression of Solvents in Entangled Polymer Systems","volume":"107","author":"Hoei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1021\/ma8005087","article-title":"Uncertainties in the Determination of Cross-Link Density by Equilibrium Swelling Experiments in Natural Rubber","volume":"41","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candau, N., Zimny, A., Vives, E., and Maspoch, M.L. (2023). Elastocaloric Waste\/Natural Rubber Materials with Various Crosslink Densities. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112566"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201200649","article-title":"Shape-Memory Natural Rubber: An Exceptional Material for Strain and Energy Storage","volume":"214","author":"Heuwers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-895198-64-5.50006-4","article-title":"General Principles Governing Dissolution of Materials in Solvents","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Senichev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handbook of Solvents"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/2\/390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:26:48Z","timestamp":1769232408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/2\/390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31020390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31020390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}}}