{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:57:55Z","timestamp":1787169475083,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>N-Alkyl deoxynojirimycin-derived drugs, belonging to the class of iminosugars, are well-known for their \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity. N-Butyl-deoxynojirimycin (N-butyl-DNJ; NB-DNJ; also known as miglustat or UV-1) has been developed for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease and Niemann\u2013Pick disease type C as Zavesca\u00ae. Furthermore, it behaves as a host-targeted glucomimetic that inhibits endoplasmic reticulum \u03b1-glucosidase I and II (GluI and GluII, respectively) enzymes, resulting in improper glycosylation and misfolding of viral glycoproteins; thus, it is a potential antiviral agent. It is studied against a broad range of viruses in vitro and in vivo; however, its utility as antiviral has not been fully explored. Other N-alkylated congeners of DNJ are in preclinical and clinical studies for diverse viral infections. The iminosugar N-9\u2032-methoxynonyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (MON-DNJ or UV-4) is probably the most studied and potent inhibitor of \u03b1-Glu I and \u03b1-Glu II in clinical trials. It is often studied in the form of its hydrochloride salt (UV-4B) and has broad-spectrum activity against diverse viruses, including dengue and influenza. In clinical trials, it was found to be safe at all doses tested up to 1000 mg. In this paper, an overview on N-alkyl derivatives of DNJ is reported, focusing on their antiviral activity. The literature search was carried out by means of three literature databases, i.e., PubMed\/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Scopus, screened using different keywords. A brief history of the discovery of their usefulness as antivirals is given, as well as the most recent studies on new compounds belonging to this class. Since different names are often used for the same compound, we tried to dissipate confusion and bring some order to this jumble of names. Specifically, in the tables, all the diverse names used to identify each compound, were reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1769190758000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["N-Alkyl Derivatives of Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) as Antiviral Agents: Overview and Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Checconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for the Promotion of Human Sciences and Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Iacopetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1386-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Ceramella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3402-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Maddalena","family":"Cavalluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annaluisa","family":"Mariconda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Marsico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8417-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Aquaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi, 1, Blocco 11, Coppito, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology \u201cA. Zambelli\u201d, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Stefania","family":"Sinicropi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21121","article-title":"The Pharmacological Chaperone 1-Deoxynojirimycin Increases the Activity and Lysosomal Trafficking of Multiple Mutant Forms of Acid Alpha-glucosidase","volume":"30","author":"Flanagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. 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