{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:16:38Z","timestamp":1788581798659,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wooden waste railroad ties preserved with coal tar creosote oil represent a specific source of polluting substances. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare extraction capacity due to solvent extraction of fifteen frequently used organic solvents for the purpose of decontamination treatment of waste wooden railroad ties, while recovering wood for reuse. Pure organic solvents, ethanol 96%, propan-2-ol, deionized water, dichloromethane, acetone, n-hexane, mixture n-hexane\/acetone (V\/V = 1\/1), cyclohexane, methanol, N,N-dimethyl formamide, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, amyl acetate, medical gasoline, n-pentane and n-butyl acetate were for leaching pollutants from waste railroad ties. The highest extraction capacity was achieved using dichloromethane, where 7.50 to 7.89 wt.% of total sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from waste railroad tie chips. The most promising solvents for the treatment exhibited extraction efficiency which decreases in a series dichloromethane &gt; n-hexane\/acetone &gt; acetone &gt; methanol &gt; ethanol 96% &gt; propan-2-ol &gt; cyclohexane &gt; toluene &gt; n-hexane. Solvent extraction represents a novel approach for treatment of wooden waste railroad ties. The experiments are based on the search for a management process for the treatment of wood waste railroad ties that is simple, low energy consumption, efficient and could potentially be applied for large scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utilization of Organic Solvents for the Recycling of Waste Wooden Railroad Ties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka M.","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentskitrg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6159-379X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161 S.","family":"To\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Mike Petrovi\u0107a Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena M.","family":"Radivojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentskitrg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihajlo","family":"Gigov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentskitrg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6713-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica P.","family":"Mar\u010deta Kaninski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentskitrg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir M.","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentskitrg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7862-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana Z.","family":"\u017divojinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Walker, J.C.F. (2006). Wood preservation. Primary Wood Processing: Principles and Practice, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khademibami, L., and Bobadilha, G.S. (2022). Recent Developments Studies on Wood Protection Research in Academia: A Review. Front. For. Glob. Change, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2022.793177"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"223","article-title":"Genotoxic effects and chemical compositions of four creosotes","volume":"265","author":"Nylund","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Melber, C., Kielhorn, J., and Mangelsdorf, I. (2018). Coal Tar Creosote, United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organization, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42943\/9241530626.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Alman, B., Klotzbach, J.M., Faroon, O., Myers, J.L., Harper, C., Diamond, G.L., Shoeb, M., and Citra, M. (2025, December 12). Toxicological Profile for Creosote, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp85.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.04.035","article-title":"The creosote content of used railway crossties as compared with European stipulations for hazardous waste","volume":"402","author":"Thierfelder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_7.1","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2006). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_7.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1907\/2006 of 18 December 2006. Off. J. Eur. Union, 30, L396."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (2025, July 20). Creosote, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ingredients-used-pesticide-products\/creosote."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178023","article-title":"Novel insights into PAHs accumulation and multi-method characterization of interaction between groundwater and surface water in middle Yangtze River: Hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology and fractionation effect","volume":"958","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.120941","article-title":"Current levels, sources, and risks of human exposure to PAHs, PBDEs and PCBs in South American outdoor air: A critical review","volume":"270","author":"Akinrinade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.116081","article-title":"Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and water on pyrochars: A review","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121471","article-title":"Distribution, sources and ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments of typically polluted estuaries: Insights from the Xiaoqing River","volume":"364","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2025.101015","article-title":"Determination of hydroxy derivatives of PAHs in sewage sludge by GC-MS\/MS","volume":"321","author":"Frydel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106062","article-title":"Method validation for GC-measurable pesticides and PAHs in baby foods using QuEChERS-based extraction procedure","volume":"129","author":"Prata","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.105038","article-title":"Determination of 16 EPA PAHs in food using gas and liquid chromatography","volume":"116","author":"Agus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113179","article-title":"Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: A 2022 update","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2025.104638","article-title":"Analysis of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of diesel exhaust PM2.5 generated from diesel and dual natural gas-diesel engines","volume":"114","author":"Pino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.05.013","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in size-fractionated particles emitted in an urban road tunnel","volume":"180","author":"Alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132935","article-title":"Formation and emission characteristics of PAHs during pyrolysis and combustion of coal and biomass","volume":"378","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2024.101876","article-title":"Effects of metal-loaded ZSM-5 catalysts on gas-phase products and PAHs formation characteristics during the co-pyrolysis of plastic with biomass","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.110236","article-title":"Formation mechanisms, detection methods and mitigation strategies of acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines in food products","volume":"158","author":"Hee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131796","article-title":"Combustion and particulate I\/SVOC characteristics of an aero-engine combustor with dual-stage under operational power and injection pressure","volume":"302","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120929","article-title":"Sedimentary records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three enclosed lakes in China: Response to energy structure and economic development","volume":"318","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2012.06.010","article-title":"Early diagenetic transformation of terpenoids from conifers in the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction: A long term, low temperature maturation experiment","volume":"53","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145403","article-title":"A review of human and animals exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Health risk and adverse effects, photo-induced toxicity and regulating effect of microplastics","volume":"773","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.04.007","article-title":"Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in umbilical cord blood of human neonates from Guiyu, China","volume":"427\u2013428","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.110098","article-title":"The use of an algal bioindicator in the assessment of different chemical remediation strategies for PAH-contaminated soils and sediments","volume":"11","author":"Rotondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112423","article-title":"Review on the contamination and remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal soil and sediments","volume":"205","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, July 20). IARC List of Classifications. 2024; pp. 9\u201311. Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/list-of-classifications."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Lebow, S., Brooks, K., and Simonsen, J. (2002). Environmental Impact of Treated Wood in Service. Enhancing the Durability of Lumber and Engineered Wood Products, Forest Products Society."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.025","article-title":"Pollution level and reusability of the waste soil generated from demolition of a rural railway","volume":"240","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.02.102","article-title":"Diffuse release of environmental hazards by railways","volume":"226","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1021\/es000103h","article-title":"Inventory and emission factors of creosote, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and phenols from railroad ties treated with creosote","volume":"34","author":"Kohler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-003-0372-y","article-title":"Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from creosoted railroad ties and their relevance for life cycle assessment (LCA)","volume":"2","author":"Kohler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Holz Roh-Und Werkst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.02.005","article-title":"Resource quality of wood waste: The importance of physical and chemical impurities in wood waste for recycling","volume":"87","author":"Faraca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2005.12.008","article-title":"Energy and carbon balances of wood cascade chains","volume":"47","author":"Sathre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"EPRS (European Parliamentary Research Service) (2025, December 12). Understanding Waste Streams\u2014Treatment of Specific Waste. Briefing, Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_BRI(2015)564398."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.12.061","article-title":"Thermal desorption of creosote remaining in used railroad ties: Investigation by TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and Py-GC\/MS (pyrolysis-gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry)","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.05.117","article-title":"Recovery of creosote from used railroad ties by thermal desorption","volume":"111","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazimierski, P., Kosmela, P., Piersa, P., and Szufa, S. (2023). Pyrolysis and Torrefaction\u2014Thermal Treatment of Creosote-Impregnated Railroad Ties as a Method of Utilization. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16072704"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2020.104826","article-title":"Pyrolysis of creosote-treated railroad ties to recover creosote and produce biochar","volume":"149","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.03.020","article-title":"Fast pyrolysis of creosote treated wood ties in a fluidized bed reactor and analytical characterization of product fractions","volume":"53","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.05.048","article-title":"Air gasification of railroad wood ties treated with creosote: Effects of additives and their combination on the removal of tar in a two-stage gasifier","volume":"102","author":"Mun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (2025, July 20). Identification of Non-Hazardous Materials That Are Solid Waste, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"149","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Creosote-Treated Wooden Railroad Crossties in the US with Comparisons to Concrete and Plastic Composite Railroad Crossties","volume":"3","author":"Bolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"276","article-title":"2018 Railroad Tie Survey","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.01.054","article-title":"Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and water-extractable phenols in creosotes and creosote-treated woods made and procurable in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Ikarashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.11.069","article-title":"Qualitative mass spectrometric analysis of the volatile fraction of creosote-treated railway wood sleepers by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography","volume":"1178","author":"Mateus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.03.012","article-title":"Evaluation of the PAH and water-extractable phenols content in used cross ties from the French rail network","volume":"111","author":"Marcotte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.016","article-title":"Evaluation of using waste timber railway sleepers in wood\u2013cement composite materials","volume":"27","author":"Ashori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.001","article-title":"Cement-bonded composite boards made from poplar strands","volume":"26","author":"Ashori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Rousseau, R.V. (1987). Handbook of Separation Process Technology, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Seader, J.D., Henley, E.J., and Roper, D.K. (2010). Separation Process Principles: Chemical and Biochemical Operations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00458-5","article-title":"Solvent extraction of pentachlorophenol from contaminated soils using water\u2013ethanol mixtures","volume":"38","author":"Khodadoust","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00398-2","article-title":"Solvent extraction and tandem dechlorination for decontamination of soil","volume":"43","author":"Nam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.03.021","article-title":"Solvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.05.081","article-title":"Solvent extraction of chlorinated compounds from soils and hydrodechlorination of the extract phase","volume":"162","author":"Murena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/47.2.97","article-title":"Comparison of Two Extraction Methods for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils Using Headspace SPME with GC\u2013FID","volume":"47","author":"Zuazagoitia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106852","article-title":"Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil, tree leaves, and water samples by magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction based on \u03b2-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene oxide followed by GC-FID","volume":"171","author":"Majd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2016.04.007","article-title":"Comparison of rapid solvent extraction systems for the GC\u2013MS\/MS characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aged, contaminated soil","volume":"3","author":"Haleyur","year":"2016","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464007","article-title":"Development of a safer and improved analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in creosote products","volume":"1698","author":"Nishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/3\/406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:52Z","timestamp":1770036592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/3\/406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31030406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31030406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]}}}