{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:57:25Z","timestamp":1791608245881,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a sustainable valorization strategy for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) residual sands through their hydrothermal conversion into a dual-phase FAU\/LTA zeolite and evaluates its adsorption performance toward methylene blue (MB) as a model cationic contaminant. The synthesized material (ZEO-RS) exhibited a low Si\/Al ratio (~1.7), well-developed FAU supercages with minor LTA domains, and high structural integrity, as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, XRF, SEM and PZC analyses. ZEO-RS demonstrated rapid adsorption kinetics, reaching approximately 92% of equilibrium uptake within 30 min and following a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (k2= 2.73 g\u00b7mg\u22121\u00b7h\u22121). Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 34.2 mg\u00b7g\u22121 at 20 \u00b0C, with favorable separation factors (0 &lt; rL &lt; 1), while Freundlich fitting indicated moderate surface heterogeneity. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that MB adsorption is spontaneous (\u0394G\u00b0 = \u221211.98 to \u221212.56 kJ\u00b7mol\u22121), mildly endothermic (\u0394H\u00b0 = +5.26 kJ\u00b7mol\u22121), and entropy-driven (\u0394S\u00b0 = +0.059 kJ\u00b7mol\u22121\u00b7K\u22121). FTIR evidence, combined with pH-dependent behavior, indicates that adsorption proceeds via synergistic electrostatic attraction, pore confinement within FAU domains, and partial ion-exchange interactions. Desorption efficiencies conducted under mild acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions resulted in low MB release (1\u20138%), indicating strong dye retention and high framework stability. Overall, the results demonstrate that WWTP residual sands are an effective and scalable low-cost precursor for producing zeolitic adsorbents, supporting their potential application in sustainable water purification and circular-economy-based wastewater treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T10:27:11Z","timestamp":1769509631000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hydrothermal Conversion of Wastewater Treatment Sands into Dual-Phase FAU\/LTA Zeolite: Structural Insights and Performance in Methylene Blue Adsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5872-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Guaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110107, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110107, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3719-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Cortina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia\u2013BarcelonaTech (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering (CCEM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.06.054","article-title":"Wastewater Treatment: A Short Assessment on Available Techniques","volume":"76","author":"Nishat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111612","article-title":"Impact and Mechanism of Urbanization on Urban Green Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt","volume":"158","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.03.008","article-title":"Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Technologies","volume":"88","author":"Muga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Env. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.igd.2024.100143","article-title":"From Pollution to Progress: Groundbreaking Advances in Clean Technology Unveiled","volume":"3","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov. Green Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2015.018","article-title":"Characterization of Residual Sand Removed from the Grit Chambers of a Wastewater Treatment Plant and Its Use as Fine Aggregate in the Preparation of Non-Structural Concrete","volume":"10","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Pract. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czop, M., Zajusz-Zubek, E., and \u0141a\u017aniewska-Piekarczyk, B. (2025). Use of Sands from Wastewater Treatment Plants as a Substitute for Natural Aggregate in the Context of a Circular Economy. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17125471"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"109","article-title":"Characteristics of Sand Recovered from the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant","volume":"39","author":"Poproch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gospod. Surowcami Miner. Miner. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104805","article-title":"Siloxane Adsorption by Porous Silica Synthesized from Residual Sand of Wastewater Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102651","article-title":"Beneficial Reuse of Water Treatment Sludge in the Context of Circular Economy","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2016.07.088","article-title":"Characterization of Water Treatment Plant\u2019s Sludge and Its Safe Disposal Options","volume":"35","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4236\/aces.2014.42015","article-title":"Zeolite Synthesis under Insertion of Silica Rich Filtration Residues from Industrial Wastewater Reconditioning","volume":"04","author":"Hartmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, W., Ma, H., Cao, C., Wang, Y., Qiao, Y., Teng, J., Li, N., and Yue, C. (2025). Sea Sand as a Silica Source to Hydrothermally Synthesize Analcime. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122818"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchl, G. (2001). Source Materials for Zeolite Synthesis. Verified Syntheses of Zeolitic Materials, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044450703-7\/50099-5"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-6513(97)00051-5","article-title":"The Crystal Morphology of Zeolite A. The Effects of the Source of the Reagents","volume":"11","author":"Round","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.06.009","article-title":"Zeolite Synthesis from Industrial Wastes","volume":"287","author":"Yoldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158182","article-title":"Zeolite Greenly Synthesized from Fly Ash and Its Resource Utilization: A Review","volume":"851","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2020.100019","article-title":"Zeolite Synthesis from Low-Cost Materials and Environmental Applications: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Khaleque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2023.107106","article-title":"Synthesis of Zeolites Using Kaolin in Concentrated Sodium Hydroxide-Aluminate Solutions","volume":"244","author":"Vogrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.114817","article-title":"Zeolite Synthesis Using Recycled Silicon and Aluminum Components from Spent FCC Catalysts","volume":"202","author":"Marschall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Longe, C., da Silva, A., C\u00e2mara, A.B.F., Bieseki, L., de Carvalho, L.S., Pergher, S.B.C., and de Mello, M.I.S. (2025). Synthesis of LTA Zeolite from Beach Sand: A Solution for CO2 Capture. Coatings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings15030334"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.06.019","article-title":"Optimisation of Zeolite LTA Synthesis from Alum Sludge and the Influence of the Sludge Source","volume":"99","author":"Rozhkovskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119782","article-title":"Zeolites in Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review on Scientometric Analysis, Adsorption Mechanisms, and Future Prospects","volume":"260","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancinelli, M., and Martucci, A. (2025). Exploring the Potential of Zeolites for Sustainable Environmental Applications. Sustain. Chem., 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0157.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101113","article-title":"Methodological Review of Zeolite Synthesis from Industrial Waste and Natural Clays and the Fabrication of Hierarchical Pore Structures","volume":"9","author":"Hart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzkiewicz, M., Wo\u0142owicz, A., Vogelsang, C., and Umar, M. (2023). Municipal Solid Waste Fly Ash-Derived Zeolites as Adsorbents for the Recovery of Nutrients and Heavy Metals\u2014A Review. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15213817"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.128739","article-title":"Chemistry of Zeolites and Zeolite Based Composite Membranes as a Cutting-Edge Candidate for Removal of Organic Dyes & Heavy Metal Ions: Progress and Future Directions","volume":"354","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121767","article-title":"Effective Removal of Organic Dyes Using the Ultrasonic-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of NaP Zeolite Doping Cu or Fe in Fenton-like Oxidation Systems","volume":"299","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.105474","article-title":"Adsorption of Various Inorganic and Organic Pollutants by Natural and Synthetic Zeolites: A Critical Review","volume":"17","author":"Dehmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.112606","article-title":"Advances in Zeolite-Based Materials for Dye Removal: Current Trends and Future Prospects","volume":"166","author":"Gadore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123922","article-title":"Exploring Zeolite-Based Composites in Adsorption and Photocatalysis for Toxic Wastewater Treatment: Preparation, Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives","volume":"349","author":"Liaquat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113160","article-title":"A Critical Review on the Treatment of Dye-Containing Wastewater: Ecotoxicological and Health Concerns of Textile Dyes and Possible Remediation Approaches for Environmental Safety","volume":"231","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwat.2025.100092","article-title":"A Review of Bioremediation of Textile Dye Containing Wastewater","volume":"4","author":"Periyasamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Water"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120103","article-title":"Contamination of Textile Dyes in Aquatic Environment: Adverse Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health, and Its Management Using Bioremediation","volume":"353","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.09.012","article-title":"A Review on Chemical Coagulation\/Flocculation Technologies for Removal of Colour from Textile Wastewaters","volume":"93","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/limnolrev24020007","article-title":"Sustainable Solutions: Reviewing the Future of Textile Dye Contaminant Removal with Emerging Biological Treatments","volume":"24","author":"Kusumlata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Limnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikram, M., Naeem, M., Zahoor, M., Hanafiah, M.M., Oyekanmi, A.A., Ullah, R., Farraj, D.A.A., Elshikh, M.S., Zekker, I., and Gulfam, N. (2022). Biological Degradation of the Azo Dye Basic Orange 2 by Escherichia Coli: A Sustainable and Ecofriendly Approach for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14132063"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12919","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04603-z","article-title":"Modified Zeolite as an Adsorbent for Dyes, Drugs, and Heavy Metal Removal: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Popaliya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33863-0","article-title":"Synthesis of Zeolite from Industrial Wastes: A Review on Characterization and Heavy Metal and Dye Removal","volume":"31","author":"Eren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0371750X.2016.1231086","article-title":"A Brief Review on the Synthesis of Zeolites from Hazardous Wastes","volume":"76","author":"Mallapur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.110898","article-title":"Zeolites Synthesized from Industrial and Agricultural Solid Waste and Their Applications: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campoverde, J., and Guaya, D. (2023). From Waste to Added-Value Product: Synthesis of Highly Crystalline LTA Zeolite from Ore Mining Tailings. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13081295"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11746-9","article-title":"Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Textile Industry Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Teff Straw Assisted ZnO Nanoparticle","volume":"15","author":"Rorissa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2025.100507","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption on Activated Carbon from Edible Fruit Seeds: A Case Study on Kinetics and Adsorption Models","volume":"20","author":"Mussa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Trends"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I., Saeed, K., Zekker, I., Zhang, B., Hendi, A.H., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, S., Zada, N., Ahmad, H., and Shah, L.A. (2022). Review on Methylene Blue: Its Properties, Uses, Toxicity and Photodegradation. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14020242"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100678","article-title":"Methylene Blue Dye: Toxicity and Potential Elimination Technology from Wastewater","volume":"16","author":"Oladoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, P., Yang, W., Peng, H., and Zhao, S. (2024). Efficient Degradation of Methylene Blue in Industrial Wastewater and High Cycling Stability of Nano ZnO. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235584"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32341-w","article-title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Textile Industrial Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Developed from Rumex Abyssinicus Plant","volume":"13","author":"Fito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.101910","article-title":"Methylene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon of Spathodea Campanulata","volume":"21","author":"Dimbo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124045","article-title":"Removal of Highly Concentrated Methylene Blue Dye by Cellulose Nanofiber Biocomposites","volume":"238","author":"Oyarce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100617","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Novel Zeolite-Based Adsorbents for Environmental Pollutant","volume":"17","author":"Bahmanzadegan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tubon-Usca, G., Centeno, C., Pomasqui, S., Beneduci, A., and Arias, F.A. (2025). Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue in Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated with Graphene Oxide. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052824"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guaya, D., Debut, A., and Campoverde, J. (2024). A Novel Approach to Waste Recycling and Dye Removal: Lithium-Functionalized Nanoparticle Zeolites. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29194643"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosa, M., Grifasi, N., Galletti, C., Fino, D., and Piumetti, M. (2022). Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite Application in Wastewater Treatment: Methylene Blue, Zinc and Cadmium Abatement Tests and Kinetic Studies. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15228191"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.02.009","article-title":"Comparison Absorption of New Methylene Blue Dye in Zeolite and Nanocrystal Zeolite","volume":"256","author":"Sohrabnezhad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-020-00938-9","article-title":"Preparation of Zeolite 4A for Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue: Optimization, Kinetics, Isotherm, and Mechanism Study","volume":"14","author":"Belachew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarbaliyev, B., Israfilov, N., Feyziyeva, S., Lutzweiler, G., Guliyeva, N., and Louis, B. (2025). Role of Cation Nature in FAU Zeolite in Both Liquid-Phase and Gas-Phase Adsorption. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15080734"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.10.173","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights into Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Phenolic Compounds: Comparative Study of the Impact of Lewis Acidity in Zn Loaded FAU Zeolite on Reaction Mechanism","volume":"377","author":"Afreen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400076","DOI":"10.1002\/cmtd.202400076","article-title":"Zeolite\u2013Water Chemistry: Characterization Methods to Unveil Zeolite Structure","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Xu, B., Wang, S., Ren, S., Yang, F., Zhang, W., Lan, Y., Chen, C., Li, J., and Su, Y. (2025). Advancements in Synthesis Strategies and Environmental Application of FAU-Type Zeolite: Bibliometric-Driven Review. Green Energy Environ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2025.10.003"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2006.06.029","article-title":"Influence of Si: Al-Ratio of Faujasites on the Adsorption of Alkanes, Alkenes and Aromatics","volume":"96","author":"Daems","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC06010H","article-title":"Regulation of the Si\/Al Ratios and Al Distributions of Zeolites and Their Impact on Properties","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/reactions5040048","article-title":"Aromatics Alkylated with Olefins Utilizing Zeolites as Heterogeneous Catalysts: A Review","volume":"5","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reactions"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2007.03.029","article-title":"Hydrophilic and Antimicrobial Low-Silica-Zeolite LTA and High-Silica-Zeolite MFI Hybrid Coatings on Aluminum Alloys","volume":"108","author":"Beving","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2021.110557","article-title":"The Effect of Chemical Composition on the Properties of LTA Zeolite: A Theoretical Study","volume":"196","author":"Petranovskii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29520","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA03341A","article-title":"LTA Zeolite Membranes: Current Progress and Challenges in Pervaporation","volume":"7","author":"Wenten","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20049","article-title":"Evidence of Electronic Influence in the Adsorption of Cationic and Zwitterionic Dyes on Zeolites","volume":"9","author":"Oduro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2022.179240","article-title":"Impact of Ion Exchange on Zeolite Hydrophilicity\/Hydrophobicity Monitored by Water Capacity Using Thermal Analysis","volume":"713","author":"Tatlier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudjema, L., Assaf, M., Salles, F., Gassin, P.M., Martin-Gassin, G., and Zajac, J. (2024). Renewing Interest in Zeolites as Adsorbents for Capture of Cationic Dyes from Aqueous and Ethanolic Solutions: A Simulation-Based Insight into the Efficiency of Dye Adsorption in View of Wastewater Treatment and Valorization of Post-Sorption Materials. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29132952"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.122903","article-title":"Synthesis of High Value-Added Na\u2013P1 and Na-FAU Zeolites Using Waste Glass from Fluorescent Tubes and Aluminum Scraps","volume":"248","author":"Sayehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-023-01853-0","article-title":"Transformation of Production Sand Waste to FAU and LTA Zeolites for Selective Moisture Adsorption and Ethanol Conversion","volume":"66","author":"Prasertsab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kordala, N., and Wyszkowski, M. (2024). Zeolite Properties, Methods of Synthesis, and Selected Applications. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051069"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, P.M., Ferreira, B.F., Oliveira, N.P., Nassar, E.J., Ciuffi, K.J., Vicente, M.A., Trujillano, R., Rives, V., Gil, A., and Korili, S. (2018). Synthesis of Zeolite A from Metakaolin and Its Application in the Adsorption of Cationic Dyes. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040608"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118041","article-title":"Study of the Parameters of Zeolites Synthesis from Coal Fly Ash in Order to Optimize Their CO2 Adsorption","volume":"276","author":"Verrecchia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17647","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00140","article-title":"Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects","volume":"122","author":"Valencia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576720016532","article-title":"Validation of the Crystallography Open Database Using the Crystallographic Information Framework","volume":"54","author":"Vaitkus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2022, April 28). International Zeolite Association Database of Zeolites Structure. Available online: https:\/\/www.iza-structure.org\/databases\/."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1180\/claymin.2011.046.3.339","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Na-X, Na-A and Na-P Zeolites and Hydroxysodalite from Metakaolinite","volume":"46","author":"Novembre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clay Min."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2017.07.007","article-title":"Synthesis of Faujasite (FAU) and Tschernichite (LTA) Type Zeolites as a Potential Direction of the Development of Lime Class C Fly Ash","volume":"166","author":"Kunecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Process"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.11.001","article-title":"Phase Selection of FAU and LTA Zeolites by Controlling Synthesis Parameters","volume":"89","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b01000","article-title":"Nucleation of FAU and LTA Zeolites from Heterogeneous Aluminosilicate Precursors","volume":"28","author":"Oleksiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2023.104242","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of High-Purity Zeolite X from Coal Fly Ash for Heavy Metal Removal: Kinetic and Isotherm Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Marhoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06142-2","article-title":"Impact of Industrial Activities on Physicochemical Properties, Mineralogical, and Elemental Composition in Sediments of Puliyanthangal Lake, Ranipet, India","volume":"15","author":"Sathish","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkov, D.S., Rogova, O.B., and Proskurnin, M.A. (2021). Organic Matter and Mineral Composition of Silicate Soils: FTIR Comparison Study by Photoacoustic, Diffuse Reflectance, and Attenuated Total Reflection Modalities. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11091879"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"40","article-title":"FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Coastal Sediment Samples from Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India","volume":"1","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"667","article-title":"FT-IR Studies of Zeolites from Different Structural Groups","volume":"65","author":"Barczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemik"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4236\/gm.2015.52007","article-title":"Synthesis of Faujasite from Egyptian Clays: Characterizations and Removal of Heavy Metals","volume":"05","author":"Moneim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106111","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermodynamic Study of Selected Na-Based Zeolites","volume":"135","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.024","article-title":"Mineralogy and Morphology of Sand: Key Parameters in the Durability for Its Use in Artificial Beach Nourishment","volume":"639","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsecv.2023.01.004","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Faujasite-Na from Fly Ash by the Fusion-Hydrothermal Method","volume":"62","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Cer\u00e1m. Vidr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-1811(00)00154-2","article-title":"Structures of Organic Sorption Complexes of Zeolites","volume":"39","author":"Zhen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokrzycki, J., Franus, W., Panek, R., Sobczyk, M., Rusiniak, P., Szerement, J., Jarosz, R., Marci\u0144ska-Mazur, L., Bajda, T., and Mierzwa-Hersztek, M. (2023). Zeolite Composite Materials from Fly Ash: An Assessment of Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062142"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108567","article-title":"Copper Ion-Exchanged Zeolite X from Fly Ash as an Efficient Adsorbent of Phosphate Ions from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"10","author":"Mokrzycki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.04.007","article-title":"Acidity and Basicity of Zeolites: A Fundamental Approach","volume":"254","author":"Busca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.06.005","article-title":"Cost-Effective Microwave Rapid Synthesis of Zeolite NaA for Removal of Methylene Blue","volume":"229","author":"Sapawe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsurfi.2024.100281","article-title":"Insight into Adsorption-Desorption of Methylene Blue in Water Using Zeolite NaY: Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Approaches","volume":"16","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radoor, S., Karayil, J., Jayakumar, A., Lee, J., Nandi, D., Parameswaranpillai, J., Pant, B., and Siengchin, S. (2022). Efficient Removal of Organic Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Hierarchical Zeolite-Based Biomembrane: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Recycling Studies. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12080886"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.27304","article-title":"Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Al-Pillared Montmorillonite","volume":"227","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105690","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite LTA by Hydrothermal Transformation of a Natural Algerian Palygorskite","volume":"193","author":"Belaroui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151381","article-title":"Adsorption Mechanisms Investigation of Methylene Blue on the (0 0 1) Zeolite 4A Surface in Aqueous Medium by Computational Approach and Molecular Dynamics","volume":"572","author":"Khnifira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23816","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA04483E","article-title":"Optimizing Methylene Blue Adsorption Conditions on Hydrothermally Synthesized NaX Zeolite through a Full Two-Level Factorial Design","volume":"14","author":"Djamel","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012017","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/592\/1\/012017","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorption Behaviors of Faujasite-Type Zeolites towards Methylene Blue","volume":"592","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-025-03950-8","article-title":"Synthesis of Faujasite-Na-Type Zeolite from Partial de-Aluminated Metakaolin for Removal of Methylene Blue from Contaminated Water","volume":"79","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7942","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA00944H","article-title":"Exploring the Adsorptive Properties of an Embryonic Zeolite toward Methylene Blue","volume":"6","author":"Rusew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153370","article-title":"Potential Applications of Spent Adsorbents and Catalysts: Re-Valorization of Waste","volume":"823","author":"Rial","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulushewa, Z., Dinbore, W.T., and Ayele, Y. (2021). Removal of Methylene Blue from Textile Waste Water Using Kaolin and Zeolite-x Synthesized from Ethiopian Kaolin. Environ. Anal. Health Toxicol., 36.","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2021007"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.K., and Horng, J.J. (2021). Transformation of Glass Fiber Waste into Mesoporous Zeolite-like Nanomaterials with Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116207"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2009.305","article-title":"Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of Methylene Blue on Zeolite Synthesized from Fly Ash","volume":"2","author":"Fungaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Yang, J., Liu, S., Liu, N., Zhang, L., and Ren, L. (2025). Adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) Using Novel Synthesized Phosphogypsum Flotation Tailings-Derived Zeolite (PGTZ): Experimental and Modeling Approaches. Separations, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations12100286"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2025.115921","article-title":"Kaolin-Derived Zeolites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Efficiency of Methylene Blue","volume":"184","author":"Oydinov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.200","article-title":"Efficient Sono-Sorptive Elimination of Methylene Blue by Fly Ash-Derived Nano-Zeolite X: Process Optimization, Isotherm and Kinetic Studies","volume":"208","author":"Sivalingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2023.104904","article-title":"The Methyl Blue Adsorption Performance and Mechanism of NaX Zeolite Synthesized from Huadian Oil Shale Ash","volume":"147","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2025.113864","article-title":"Faujasite Zeolite Synthesized by Alkali Fusion-Hydrothermal Method from Molybdenum Tailings for Methylene Blue Adsorption","volume":"399","author":"Dou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.128710","article-title":"Fixed-Bed Adsorption of Methylene Blue Using Granular NaX Zeolite\/Attapulgite Composite: Efficiency, Mechanism and Reusability of Saturated G-NaX\/A","volume":"354","author":"Asamoah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, M., Kole\u017cy\u0144ski, A., and Mozgawa, W. (2021). Vibrational Spectra of Zeolite Y as a Function of Ion Exchange. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020342"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2018-1228","article-title":"Speciation and Siting of Divalent Transition Metal Ions in Silicon-Rich Zeolites. An FTIR Study","volume":"91","author":"Lemishka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pic\u00f3n, D., Vergara-Rubio, A., Estevez-Areco, S., Cerveny, S., and Goyanes, S. (2023). Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Tetracycline by Zeolites Immobilized on a PBAT Electrospun Membrane. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010081"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.12.008","article-title":"Effect of OH and Silanol Groups in the Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Diatomite","volume":"39","author":"Khraisheh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/3\/437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T05:17:34Z","timestamp":1769663854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/3\/437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31030437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31030437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]}}}