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In turn, oxidative changes in hemoglobin lead to impaired oxygen transport to cells and tissues and, consequently, to ischemia and hypoxia. In this review, we discuss the structure of normal and pathological RBCs, including, more broadly, red blood cells occurring in type 2 diabetes. We present factors that play a major role in RBC damage in this pathology. Finally, we characterize the participation of hemoglobin and heme in the induction of oxidative damage to biological material, including RBCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Red Blood Cells in Normal and Pathological States: Redox Reactions of Hemoglobin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gwozdzinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5061-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pieniazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3702-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Gwozdzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/10731199809118943","article-title":"Hemoglobin autooxidation\/oxidation mechanisms and methemoglobin prevention or reduction processes in the bloodstream. 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