{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:58:47Z","timestamp":1792508327589,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82203235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024JJ6185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ6185"]}]},{"name":"the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024JJ6094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ6094"]}]},{"name":"the Science Project of the Education Department of Hunan Province","award":["25A0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25A0802"]}]},{"name":"the Science Project of the Education Department of Hunan Province","award":["22B0898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22B0898"]}]},{"name":"the Science Project of the Education Department of Hunan Province","award":["25C0394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25C0394"]}]},{"name":"the ESI Discipline Special Project of Changsha Medical University","award":["2022CYY010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CYY010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetracycline is a low-cost broad-spectrum antibiotic and widely used in medicine and aquaculture. Its residues are usually released into the environment through wastewater, which may lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and pose ecological risks. To address this environmental issue, a hierarchical lignin-derived porous carbon (LPHC) was synthesized using renewable biomass lignin as the precursor through a combined phosphoric acid-activated hydrothermal pretreatment. The resulting LPHC was used to effectively remove tetracycline from aqueous solutions. Characterization results indicated that LPHC had a high specific surface area (1157.25 m2\u00b7g\u22121), a well-developed micro-mesoporous structure, and abundant surface oxygen-containing functional groups, which enhanced its interaction with target pollutants. Adsorption experiments showed that LPHC exhibited excellent adsorption performance for tetracycline, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 219.81 mg\u00b7g\u22121. The adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that monolayer chemical adsorption was dominant. Mechanism analysis further confirmed that the adsorption process was controlled by multiple synergistic interactions, including pore filling, \u03c0-\u03c0 electron donor\u2013acceptor interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction. This work proposes a feasible strategy to convert waste biomass into high-performance and environmentally friendly adsorbents, which provides technical feasibility for sustainable water purification technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Synthesis of Lignin-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon via Hydrothermal\u2013Phosphoric Acid Synergistic Activation for Enhanced Adsorption of Tetracycline"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Intelligent Energy, School of Resources and Environment, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jundong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Intelligent Energy, School of Resources and Environment, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67986-8","article-title":"Cu-Co bimetallic organic framework as effective adsorbents for enhanced adsorptive removal of tetracycline antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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