{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:08:35Z","timestamp":1787728115384,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. is traditionally used in North African ethnomedicine for the management of inflammation, pain, and fever. The present study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of the hydroalcoholic extract of its aerial parts and to evaluate its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities using established in vivo models. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of major classes of secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosidic compounds. Quantitative assays revealed appreciable levels of total phenolics (26.3 \u00b1 1.2 mg GAE\/g extract) and flavonoids (13.5 \u00b1 0.9 mg QE\/g extract). In vivo pharmacological evaluation demonstrated significant biological activities, with the highest tested dose (400 mg\/kg) producing a marked inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema (44.9%), comparable to acetylsalicylic acid. At the same dose, the extract showed pronounced analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, with an inhibition rate of 64.2%, and a significant antipyretic effect in the brewer\u2019s yeast-induced fever model, as evidenced by a reduction in rectal temperature. In parallel, molecular docking was employed as an exploratory, hypothesis-generating in silico approach to investigate potential interactions between selected phenolic constituents identified in A. iva and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Several compounds, including rosmarinic acid, rutin, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside, displayed favorable predicted binding affinities and interactions with key residues of the COX-2 active site. It should be emphasized that molecular docking was used solely as a hypothesis-generating in silico tool and does not constitute direct biochemical evidence of COX-2 inhibition. Overall, these findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Ajuga iva exhibits notable anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in vivo. The in silico docking results provide supportive, predictive molecular insights that may help rationalize the observed bioactivities and encourage further biochemical and mechanistic investigations into this traditionally used medicinal plant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:38:12Z","timestamp":1770046692000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bioactive Potential and COX-2 Interaction of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Hydroalcoholic Extract: Evidence from Experimental and Computational Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yousra","family":"Boutora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Applications, Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa 12000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Boussekine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Applications, Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa 12000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouided","family":"Benslama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M\u2019Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Lekmine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health (LBWEH), University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nedjwa","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M\u2019Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria"},{"name":"Higher National School of Forest, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Touzout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Pole Urban Ouzera, University of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory Materials and Environment, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Urban Center, Medea 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Gestion et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Assurance Qualit\u00e9 (LGVRNAQ), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre, Universit\u00e9 de Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Biologiques, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre, Universit\u00e9 de Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Gacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Applications, Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa 12000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najla","family":"Hfaiedh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems (LBBEEO), Located at the Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2349-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Mohammed, D.M., Korma, S.A., Alshahrani, M.Y., Ahmed, A.E., Ibrahim, E.H., Salem, H.M., Alkafaas, S.S., and Saif, A.M. (2025). Medicinal Plants: Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities, Combating Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms, and Human Health Benefits-a Comprehensive Review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1491777"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5960","DOI":"10.55251\/jmbfs.5960","article-title":"The protective effect of selenium on diabetic nephropathy in wistar rats","volume":"12","author":"Boussekine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701808306787240709073814","article-title":"Exploring the Potential of Avenanthramides and Their Analogues as \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Utilizing Virtual Screening, Molecular Dynamics, and Drug-Likeness Predictions","volume":"21","author":"Guendouze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett. Drug Des. Discov."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12123-2","article-title":"Deciphering the Mitigating Role of Silicon on Tomato Seedlings under Lambda Cyhalothrin and Difenoconazole Coexposure","volume":"15","author":"Touzout","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benslama, O., Lekmine, S., Moussa, H., Tahraoui, H., Ola, M.S., Zhang, J., and Amrane, A. (2025). Silymarin as a Therapeutic Agent for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multi-Approach Computational Study. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010053"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"25","article-title":"Flavono\u00efdes d\u2019Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb (Labi\u00e9e)","volume":"22","author":"Bennaghmouch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Marocaine Des Sci. Agron. V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.62313\/ijpbp.2021.7","article-title":"Assessment of Apigenin-7-Glucoside and Luteolin-7-Glucoside as Multi-Targeted Agents against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Molecular Docking Study","volume":"1","author":"Istifli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Based Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ghedira, K., Chemli, R., Richard, B., Zeches, M., and Men-Olivier, L.L. (1991). Part of a survey on the traditional pharmacopoeia of Tunisia: A study of the aerial parts of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzoyem, J.P., Kuete, V., and Eloff, J.N. (2014). Biochemical Parameters in Toxicological Studies in Africa: Significance, Principle of Methods, Data Interpretation, and Use in Plant Screenings. Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800018-2.00023-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01911-5","article-title":"SIRT6 Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Human Pulmonary Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43617","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05082","article-title":"In Silico and in Vitro Analyses to Repurpose Quercetin as a Human Pancreatic \u03b1-Amylase Inhibitor","volume":"8","author":"Raut","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2024.105264","article-title":"Effects of Genetic Diversity on the Allergenicity of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Proteins: Identification of the Hypoallergenic Accessions Using BALB\/c Mice Model and in Silico Analysis of Ara h 3 Allergen Cross-Reactivity","volume":"306","author":"Djeghim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Harborne, A.J. (1998). Phytochemical Methods a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","article-title":"The Determination of Flavonoid Contents in Mulberry and Their Scavenging Effects on Superoxide Radicals","volume":"64","author":"Zhishen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekmine, S., Benslama, O., Ola, M.S., Touzout, N., Moussa, H., Tahraoui, H., Hafsa, H., Zhang, J., and Amrane, A. (2025). Preliminary Data on Silybum Marianum Metabolites: Comprehensive Characterization, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial Activities, LC-MS\/MS Profiling, and Predicted ADMET Analysis. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010013"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2017.4753","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Leaves of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson)","volume":"11","author":"Epa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)27190-7","article-title":"Some Details of the Inflammations Caused by Yeast and Carrageenin (with Appendix on Kinetics of the Reaction)","volume":"150","author":"Begany","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"412","article-title":"Acetic Acid-Induced Analgesic Screening","volume":"18","author":"Koster","year":"1959","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2021.102180","article-title":"Treatment Landscape of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"96","author":"Siebenhuener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201114","article-title":"The Impact of a Global Pandemic on People Living with Dementia and Their Care Partners: Analysis of 417 Lived Experience Reports","volume":"80","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21256","article-title":"AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated Docking with Selective Receptor Flexibility","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi, S., Remok, F., Handaq, N., Drioiche, A., Gourich, A.A., El Menyiy, N., Amalich, S., Elouardi, M., Touijer, H., and Bouhrim, M. (2023). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Activities of Ajuga iva (L.). Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051165"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2011.561465","article-title":"Antioxidant, Free Radical Scavenging, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ajuga Iva Leaf Extracts","volume":"16","author":"Makni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaachouay, N. (2025). Synergy, Additive Effects, and Antagonism of Drugs with Plant Bioactive Compounds. Drugs Drug Candidates, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/ddc4010004"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.4314\/jfas.v12i2.8","article-title":"Evaluation of the Anticoagulant Activity of Margins from Olives Extraction in the Khenchela Region","volume":"12","author":"Kadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fundam. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redjili, S., Ghodbane, H., Tahraoui, H., Abdelouahed, L., Chebli, D., Ola, M.S., Assadi, A.A., Kebir, M., Zhang, J., and Amrane, A. (2025). Green Innovation: Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Quercus Robur for Photocatalytic Performance, Environmental, and Antimicrobial Applications. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15030256"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100578","article-title":"Aroma Volatiles, Phenolic Profile and Hypoglycaemic Activity of Ajuga iva L.","volume":"36","author":"Khatteli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15390","article-title":"Caffeoylquinic Acids: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Occurrence, Analytical Challenges, and Bioactivity","volume":"107","author":"Kamimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2022.2122303","article-title":"Pharmacological Insights into the Multifaceted Biological Properties of Quinic Acid","volume":"40","author":"Benali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A.E., Abdul-Hameed, Z.H., Alotaibi, M.O., Bawakid, N.O., Sobahi, T.R., Abdel-Lateff, A., and Alarif, W.M. (2021). Chemical Diversity and Bioactivities of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids (MIAs) from Six Apocynaceae Genera. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020488"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammar, H., Touihri, I., Kholif, A.E., M\u2019Rabet, Y., Jaouadi, R., Chahine, M., Marti, M.E.d.H., Vargas-Bello-P\u00e9rez, E., and Hosni, K. (2022). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaves of Ajuga Iva. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207102"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"31","article-title":"Ajuga iva L.: An Overview of Phytochemical Profile and Biological Functionalities","volume":"7","author":"Lahrizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7471.1000342","article-title":"Determination of Phenol Content and Antibacterial Activity of Five Medicinal Plants Ethanolic Extracts from North-West of Morocco","volume":"7","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.05.022","article-title":"Biological Activities, and Phytocompounds of Northwest Algeria Ajuga Iva (L) Extracts: Partial Identification of the Antibacterial Fraction","volume":"121","author":"Medjeldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2018.1500581","article-title":"Characterization of the Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Ajuga chamaepitys Subsp. Chia Var. Chia and Ajuga Bombycina by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2013Electrospray Ionization\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC\u2013ESI\u2013MSn)","volume":"52","author":"Zengin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2024.04.003","article-title":"Immune Response to Infection","volume":"25","author":"Cumming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moussa, H., Hamid, S., Mameri, A., Lekmine, S., Tahraoui, H., Kebir, M., Touzout, N., Dahmoune, F., Ola, M.S., and Zhang, J. (2024). From Green Chemistry to Healthy Environments: Silver Nanoparticles as a Dual Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents for Advancing Biomedicine and Sustainable Wastewater Treatment. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11121205"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekmine, S., Benslama, O., Bensalah, B., Touzout, N., Moussa, H., Tahraoui, H., Ola, M.S., Hafsa, H., Zhang, J., and Amrane, A. (2025). Bioactive Phenolics of Hyoscyamus muticus L. Subsp. Falezlez: A Molecular and Biochemical Approach to Antioxidant and Urease Inhibitory Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010370"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihoubi, N., Ferhat, S., Nedjhioui, M., Zenati, B., Lekmine, S., Boudraa, R., Ola, M.S., Zhang, J., Amrane, A., and Tahraoui, H. (2025). A Novel Halophilic Bacterium for Sustainable Pollution Control: From Pesticides to Industrial Effluents. Water, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/w17060888"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112292","article-title":"Models in Vivo and in Vitro for the Study of Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Activity: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"135","author":"Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05712-z","article-title":"Astragalin Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Acute Inflammatory Responses in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Mice","volume":"47","author":"Alblihed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044130","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0014475","article-title":"Scalable Molecular Dynamics on CPU and GPU Architectures with NAMD","volume":"153","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafsa, H., Nasrallah, N., Zeghbib, S., Kebir, M., Tahraoui, H., Assadi, A.A., Khezami, L., Alghamdi, A., Dahdouh, N., and Lekmine, S. (2025). Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants Using Copper-Doped TiO2: Optimization, Machine Learning Integration, and Ecological Safety Assessment. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-025-10394-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.11.016","article-title":"Incorporation of thyme leaves in the diet of pregnant and lactating ewes: Effect on the fatty acid profile of lamb","volume":"105","author":"Nieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112001012","article-title":"Administration of distillate thyme leaves into the diet of Segure\u00f1a ewes: Effect on lamb meat quality","volume":"6","author":"Nieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"371","article-title":"Determination of shelf life of sous vide salmon (Salmo salar) based on sensory attributes","volume":"74","author":"Nieto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsin, N.U.A., Aslam, S., Ahmad, M., Irfan, M., Al-Hussain, S.A., and Zaki, M.E.A. (2022). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as a Target of Anticancer Agents: A Review of Novel Synthesized Scaffolds Having Anticancer and COX-2 Inhibitory Potentialities. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121471"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2015.10.004","article-title":"Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E2 in the Kidney","volume":"34","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10426","article-title":"Different Chemical Structures and Physiological\/Pathological Roles of Cyclooxygenases","volume":"12","author":"Faki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117631","article-title":"Structural Investigation on the Selective COX-2 Inhibitors Mediated Cardiotoxicity: A Review","volume":"251","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, S.-H., Hwang, S., Park, T., Kwon, Y.-J., Cho, M., and Park, D. (2021). Evaluation of Selective COX-2 Inhibition and in Silico Study of Kuwanon Derivatives Isolated from Morus Alba. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073659"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/3\/496\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T09:02:23Z","timestamp":1770195743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/3\/496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31030496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31030496","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}}}