{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:28:20Z","timestamp":1783225700042,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UID\/00645\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00645\/2025"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UID\/04138\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04138\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This characteristic limits the effectiveness of hormonal and targeted therapies, and despite advances in chemotherapy (ChT), radiotherapy (RT), surgery, targeted therapy (TT) and immunotherapy (IT), clinical outcomes remain poor, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. The development of advanced nanotechnology-based strategies has opened new avenues for the diagnosis and therapy of TNBC. This review focuses on photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with nanotechnology-based strategies. PTT constitutes an emerging modality for oncological treatment that leverages light irradiation, mostly in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region, to induce the localized thermal ablation of malignant tissues. When combined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), PTT is significantly potentiated. AuNPs have distinctive optical and physicochemical characteristics, rendering them highly effective as multifunctional nanoplatforms. Upon irradiation, AuNPs act as efficient photothermal agents, inducing localized hyperthermia. This thermal effect disrupts cellular homeostasis and initiates a cascade of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and necrosis, culminating in tumor regression. This review describes the latest therapeutic advances of PTT and AuNPs. As this innovative approach progresses toward clinical application, future studies and trials will be crucial in determining its potential for TNBC management and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:38:12Z","timestamp":1770046692000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Special Focus on Phototherapy and Nanomaterials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4339-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Pinto","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica e Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115545","article-title":"Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Modern Vaccine-Based Treatment Strategies","volume":"212","author":"Karim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. 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