{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:16:41Z","timestamp":1788455801935,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Medicinal plants used in traditional Mexican medicine represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential anticancer activity. Beyond cytotoxic potency, selectivity toward cancer cells over normal cells is a critical toxicological parameter for identifying safer therapeutic candidates. This study aimed to evaluate the selective cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of extracts from four Mexican medicinal plants across human cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines. Methods: Hexane, acetone, and methanolic extracts from Semialarium mexicanum, Eryngium heterophyllum, Piper auritum, and Cochlospermum vitifolium were evaluated in a panel of human cancer cell lines and non-tumoral models, including primary human uterine fibroblasts (HUFs). Cytotoxicity was assessed after 48 h of treatment using increasing extract concentrations, and selectivity indices were calculated. Cell cycle distribution and nuclear morphology analyses were performed to explore antiproliferative effects. Additionally, GC\u2013MS-based chemical profiling was conducted on selected extracts to obtain a tentative characterization of major bioactive constituents. Results: The extracts exhibited differential cytotoxic profiles depending on plant species and solvent polarity. The hexane extract of Semialarium mexicanum showed the highest cytotoxic potency and selectivity toward cervical cancer cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50); values of 15.9 \u00b1 1.8 \u00b5g\/mL and 17.2 \u00b1 2.8 \u00b5g\/mL in HeLa and SiHa cells, respectively, and selectivity index (SI) values &gt; 5 when compared with primary human uterine fibroblasts (HUF). Extracts of Eryngium heterophyllum displayed moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 20\u201330 \u00b5g\/mL in HeLa cells) with intermediate selectivity, whereas Cochlospermum vitifolium showed solvent-dependent effects and Piper auritum exhibited limited cytotoxicity. Cell cycle analysis revealed an increased sub-G1 population, and nuclear morphology assays demonstrated chromatin condensation and fragmentation in cancer cells, supporting an antiproliferative mechanism. GC\u2013MS analysis of the hexane extract of Semialarium mexicanum suggested the presence of triterpenoid-related and other lipophilic compounds potentially associated with its selective anticancer activity. Conclusions: These findings provide in vitro evidence of selective anticancer activity of Mexican medicinal plant extracts and establish a basis for future mechanistic studies medicinal plant extracts and lay the groundwork for future mechanistic investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T13:56:23Z","timestamp":1770213383000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Selective Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Effects of Extracts from Four Mexican Medicinal Plants in Human Cancer and Non-Cancerous Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel Daniel","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec\u2014Jojutla s\/n-km. 85, San Isidro, Yautepec 62739, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yessica Arisbeth","family":"Alvarez Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5082-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Marquina-Bahena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas-IICBA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo Antonio","family":"Madariaga Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina Lizbeth","family":"Zagal Laguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araceli","family":"Guerrero-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas-IICBA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7854-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Salas-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica del Desarrollo y Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janette","family":"Furuzawa-Carballeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirug\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de Mexico 03920, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Uriostegui-Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mojica Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda, Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Morelense, Av. de la Salud #1 Col. Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Emiliano Zapata 62765, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham No\u00e9","family":"Anzurez Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda, Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Morelense, Av. de la Salud #1 Col. Benito Ju\u00e1rez, Emiliano Zapata 62765, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Carranza Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S\/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Ayala Calvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Nayelli","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. 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