{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:21:20Z","timestamp":1790731280842,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carvone-rich essential oils (EOs), and carvone specifically, exhibit a broad spectrum of protective effects against major agricultural threats. They display strong antifungal and moderate antibacterial effects, effectively inhibiting numerous phytopathogenic fungi. EOs exhibit significant insecticidal, acaricidal, and repellent activity against various insects and mites, and some EOs are highly effective against agricultural nematodes, suppressing mobility and egg hatching. Crucially, the EOs demonstrate a strong capacity to suppress the germination and initial growth of different weed species, highlighting their viability as natural herbicides. This review analyzes the chemical composition, biological effects, and potential agricultural applications of carvone and carvone-rich essential oils, primarily sourced from Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae), Carum carvi (Apiaceae), and Anethum graveolens (Apiaceae). The biological activity of these EOs is significantly influenced by their specific composition, which varies among plant species and chemotypes. While EOs\u2019 inherent volatility limits direct field application, this challenge is being successfully addressed by innovative formulation technologies, such as nanoemulsification and encapsulation, which enhance stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. In conclusion, carvone-rich EOs offer effective, environmentally low-risk agents for the integrated management of pathogens, pests, and weeds in sustainable agriculture. They help reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals and minimize the potential for resistance development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:42:42Z","timestamp":1770640962000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Carvone-Rich Essential Oils and Their Agrobiological Interactions: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0010-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Krajewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7465-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Azeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecology and Plant Production, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Aleje Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3276-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asgar","family":"Ebadollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-36514, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Kalemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Synowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecology and Plant Production, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Aleje Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22089","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c03867","article-title":"Herbicides in Use: Current Status and Perspectives in the Different Biogeographic Regions of Europe","volume":"73","author":"Synowiec","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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