{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1775187921063,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to obtain and characterize grape seed extract and to demonstrate its potential immunomodulatory properties in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A Syrah grape seed extract was obtained using 70% aqueous ethanol, magnetic stirrer, 3 h. The obtained extracts were concentrated by vacuum evaporation and dryer at 40 \u00b0C. The total phenolic content (TPC), the total amount of flavonoids (TF) and procyanidins (PC), and the antioxidant (AO) capacity of the extract were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The individual composition of the extract was demonstrated by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and patients with SLE was studied to compare Th1 and Th2 subsets and their expression of key activation markers\u2014CD25 and HLA-DR. PBMC were cultured in the presence or absence of GSE, and the effects on Th1 and Th2 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. GSE treatment increased the proportion of Th1 cells in both healthy individuals and SLE patients. In addition, a significant upregulation of the late activation marker HLA-DR was observed on Th1 cells obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). No significant effects were found on Th2 cell populations. These findings indicate that GSE can stimulate Th1-mediated immune responses in SLE, proving its potential immunomodulatory properties beyond its known antioxidant effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:42:42Z","timestamp":1770640962000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Properties of Syrah Grape Seed Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yavor","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biotechnology, Burgas State University \u201cProf. Dr Assen Zlatarov\u201d, 8010 Burgas, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zlatina","family":"Chengolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biotechnology, Burgas State University \u201cProf. Dr Assen Zlatarov\u201d, 8010 Burgas, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Tumangelova-Yuzeir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital \u201cSt. Ivan Rilski\u201d, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital \u201cSt. Ivan Rilski\u201d, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Ivanova-Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital \u201cSt. Ivan Rilski\u201d, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Nikolova-Vlahova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Nephrology, University Hospital \u201cSt. Ivan Rilski\u201d, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzonka","family":"Godjevargova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biotechnology, Burgas State University \u201cProf. Dr Assen Zlatarov\u201d, 8010 Burgas, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, J.d.C., Madureira, J., Margaca, F.M.A., and Cabo Verde, S. 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