{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:51:37Z","timestamp":1770817897099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research (MIUR), Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene-based nanomaterials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties that facilitate a range of diverse biomedical applications, including liquid biopsy. In this study, graphene-based magnetic units, termed MAGU (MAGnetic Units), were specifically engineered for the selective isolation of exosomes. Total extracellular vesicles were first enriched using ultracentrifugation, followed by immunomagnetic capture of CD9+ exosomes. MAGU functionalized with anti-CD9 antibody (MAGU-anti-CD9) efficiently recovered a CD9-positive exosome subpopulation expressing canonical markers ALIX, CD147, TSG101, and Flotillin-1, thereby confirming selective isolation performance. To investigate viral associated signaling, 293T cells were transduced with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus. This pseudovirus was engineered to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, enabling simulation of viral entry and assessment of potential alterations in the exosomal profile induced by viral binding. Exosomes released by pseudovirus-transduced 293T cells were analyzed and compared to those from non-transduced controls. The MAGU-anti-CD9 complex selectively isolated a defined subset of CD9-positive vesicles enriched in the multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein CD147, which has been proposed as a cofactor in SARS-CoV-2 entry. Comprehensive molecular profiling of selectively captured exosome subpopulations is expected to further support the application of MAGU technology in virus\u2013host interaction research and liquid-biopsy-based diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1770808395000},"page":"612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoconjugated Magnetic Graphene for Exosome Capture in SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus-Infected Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3474-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosamaria","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Trischitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Stagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Roscitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8519-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Sciortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Piperno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0923-0","article-title":"An Improvised One-Step Sucrose Cushion Ultracentrifugation Method for Exosome Isolation from Culture Supernatants of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. 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