{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:55:19Z","timestamp":1791230119041,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009883","name":"Regione Marche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["59670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a soilborne fungal pathogen, and it is a major threat to lettuce production, causing lettuce drop. This study evaluated the antifungal effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs) (Rosmarinus officinalis, R. officinalis var. verbenone, Lavandula hybrida, Origanum majorana, and Thymus vulgaris) at 0.1%, 1%, and 10%, along with their phytotoxic effect in the field on three different crops (lettuce, tomato, and chard) following foliar application. T. vulgaris EO completely inhibited S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth at all tested concentrations. R. officinalis, L. hybrida, and O. majorana also showed full inhibition at 1% and 10%, while R. officinalis var. verbenone achieved 80\u2013100% inhibition. R. officinalis had the least phytotoxic effects, with only a minimal effect on chard at 1%. R. officinalis var. verbenone caused low\/moderate phytotoxicity in lettuce and chard but had no toxic effect on tomato. L. hybrida and O. majorana had moderate to low effects, while T. vulgaris was the most phytotoxic, significantly affecting lettuce and tomato at 1%. Further field trials are needed to define EO application protocols toward sustainable lettuce drop management without risks of phytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1771253747000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Assessment of Essential Oils as Sustainable Antifungal Agents Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Causing Lettuce Drop"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9717-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdiye","family":"Tun\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6104-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Piancatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Mojela","family":"Makau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4596-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria Lucrezia","family":"D\u2019Ortenzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Moumni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verde Naturale di Simonetti Sara, Via Ripa 3, 60013 Corinaldo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Papi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undicesimaora Social Cooperative Society, 60019 Senigallia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7096-011X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Ca\u2019 le Suore 2-4, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undicesimaora Social Cooperative Society, 60019 Senigallia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-4008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Romanazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s42535-022-00519-8","article-title":"Transgenic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) harboring chitinase gene expressed resistance against a devastating fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vegetos"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025, December 28). 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