{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:43:06Z","timestamp":1791970986464,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant advances in oncology, current cancer therapies remain constrained by toxicity, resistance, and limited selectivity. Endophytic fungi symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting plant tissues represent a sustainable and underexplored source of structurally diverse anticancer metabolites. These include alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides that disrupt microtubule dynamics, interfere with DNA replication, and induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. They also modulate key oncogenic signalling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase\/protein kinase B (PI3K\/Akt), thereby enhancing the efficacy of existing chemotherapies. Endophyte derived compounds further inhibit angiogenesis, suppress metastasis, and stimulate immune responses, offering multi-target mechanisms with reduced toxicity. This review examines strategies that enhance the discovery and yield of these bioactive metabolites, including One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC), microbial co-culture, epigenetic activation, genome mining, and synthetic biology. A comparative assessment of endophyte-derived versus conventional anticancer agents highlights their potential for scalable, eco-sustainable production. Collectively, endophytic fungi are positioned as promising contributors to the next generation of accessible, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible anticancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Harnessing Endophytic Fungi as a Sustainable Source of Novel Anticancer Agents: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9914-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elly","family":"Lowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon E.","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Robotics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"},{"name":"Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"},{"name":"Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si 57922, Jellanam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5889-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo A.","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faith","family":"Kwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Health and Exercise Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3378-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bita","family":"Zaferanloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Emerging Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","article-title":"Natural products in drug discovery: Advances and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Atanasov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, J., Okyere, S.K., Wang, S., Wang, J., Xie, L., Ran, Y., and Hu, Y. (2022). Endophytic Fungi: An Effective Alternative Source of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Pharmacological Studies. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020205"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02118-x","article-title":"Bioactive compounds and biomedical applications of endophytic fungi: A recent review","volume":"22","author":"Hashem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, S., and Sharma, S. (2022). Metabolomic Insights Into Endophyte-Derived Bioactive Compounds. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.835931"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudencio, S.P., Bayram, E., Lukic Bilela, L., Cueto, M., Diaz-Marrero, A.R., Haznedaroglu, B.Z., Jimenez, C., Mandalakis, M., Pereira, F., and Reyes, F. (2023). Advanced Methods for Natural Products Discovery: Bioactivity Screening, Dereplication, Metabolomics Profiling, Genomic Sequencing, Databases and Informatic Tools, and Structure Elucidation. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21050308"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1230","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1230","article-title":"PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Haddaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00162G","article-title":"Linking genomics and metabolomics to chart specialized metabolic diversity","volume":"49","author":"Mohimani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fny078","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny078","article-title":"Metabolites of endophytic fungi from Australian native plants as potential anticancer agents","volume":"365","author":"Zaferanloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107866","article-title":"Developing fungal heterologous expression platforms to explore and improve the production of natural products from fungal biodiversity","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.4.491-502.2003","article-title":"Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products","volume":"67","author":"Strobel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.06.004","article-title":"Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: Origins of secondary metabolites","volume":"19","author":"Kusari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02186-2","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the anti-tumor effects of Toosendanin in glioma cells","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshmukh, S.K., Verekar, S.A., and Bhave, S.V. (2014). Endophytic fungi: A reservoir of antibacterials. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00715"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_263_18","article-title":"Innovations in Acute Stroke Reperfusion Strategies","volume":"22","author":"Vishnu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2350","article-title":"Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives are known to target topoisomerase I (Top1) as their mechanism of action: Did we miss something in CPT analogue molecular targets for treating human disease such as cancer?","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhu, Y., and Wan, D. (2025). Exercise and tissue fibrosis: Recent advances in therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557797"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02175-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: Cutting-edge research and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113426","article-title":"An epigenetic modifier enhances the generation of anti-phytopathogenic compounds from the endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosporum of Euphorbia humifusa","volume":"203","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Zheng, C., Zheng, G., Dai, H., and Wang, Q. (2025). Structural Diversity and Bioactivities of Mangrove-Derived Fungal Polyketids (2020\u20132025). Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23120474"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Yu, W., Lu, Y., Wu, Y., Ouyang, Z., Tu, Y., and He, B. (2024). Epigenetic Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolism. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10090648"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e14-04-0916","article-title":"How Taxol\/paclitaxel kills cancer cells","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413076","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/413076","article-title":"Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer","volume":"2015","author":"Kampan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taxol, A potential drug for the treatment of cancer","volume":"2","author":"Pandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biores Bull"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-13-105","article-title":"Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activity of fungal taxol and its precursor baccatin III purified from endophytic Fusarium solani","volume":"13","author":"Chakravarthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201000119","article-title":"In vitro screening of taxol, an anticancer drug produced by the fungus","volume":"11","author":"Kumaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1139\/o90-197","article-title":"The discovery of the vinca alkaloids\u2014Chemotherapeutic agents against cancer","volume":"68","author":"Noble","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33326-3","article-title":"Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): Analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries","volume":"391","author":"Allemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683808020026","article-title":"Bioactive natural products from endophytes: A review","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"805","article-title":"Preliminary study on the isolation of endophytic fungus of Catharanthus roseus and its fermentation to produce products of therapeutic value","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhong Cao Yao Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00486","article-title":"Heimiomycins A\u2013C and calamenens from the African basidiomycete Heimiomyces sp.","volume":"83","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03598-0","article-title":"Research progress of volatile organic compounds produced by plant endophytic bacteria in control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables","volume":"39","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2023.24.12.4329","article-title":"Effect of Laetrile Vinblastine Combination on the Proliferation of the Hela Cancer Cell Line","volume":"24","author":"Yasin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frosi, I., Montagna, I., Colombo, R., Milanese, C., and Papetti, A. (2021). Recovery of Chlorogenic Acids from Agri-Food Wastes: Updates on Green Extraction Techniques. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154515"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00964a057","article-title":"A Stereospecific Synthesis of Alicyclic and Bicyclic Amines Via Hydroboration","volume":"88","author":"Rathke","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1977","article-title":"Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Camptothecins and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Pommier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867311320120006","article-title":"Camptothecin resistance in cancer: Insights into the molecular mechanisms of a DNA-damaging drug","volume":"20","author":"Beretta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1021\/np0502802","article-title":"An endophytic fungus from Nothapodytes foetida that produces Camptothecin","volume":"68","author":"Puri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07271-x","article-title":"Bioprocesses optimization and anticancer activity of camptothecin from Aspergillus flavus, an endophyte of in vitro cultured Astragalus fruticosus","volume":"49","author":"Zayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1021\/np060174f","article-title":"Endophyte fungal isolates from Podophyllum peltatum produce podophyllotoxin","volume":"69","author":"Eyberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Ali, S., Zhao, M., Richter, L., Schafer, V., Schliehe-Diecks, J., Frank, M., Qi, J., Larsen, P.K., and Skerra, J. (2022). The Mycotoxin Beauvericin Exhibits Immunostimulatory Effects on Dendritic Cells via Activating the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.856230"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.4c00370","article-title":"Beauvericin Reverses Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells through Regulation of Notch Signaling and Autophagy","volume":"7","author":"Patra","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e9031","article-title":"Genotoxicity of beauvericin","volume":"22","author":"Knutsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1021\/np070669k","article-title":"An endophytic fungus from Hypericum perforatum that produces hypericin","volume":"71","author":"Kusari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117420","article-title":"Dielectric barrier discharge in mass spectrometry\u2014An overview over plasma investigations and ion sources applications","volume":"170","author":"Pape","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00126-1","article-title":"Hypericin in cancer treatment: More light on the way","volume":"34","author":"Agostinis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1691","article-title":"Enhancing the photodynamic effect of hypericin in tumour spheroids by fractionated light delivery in combination with hyperoxygenation","volume":"26","author":"Huygens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S502322","article-title":"An Updated Review of Molecular Mechanisms Implicated with the Anticancer Potential of Diosgenin and Its Nanoformulations","volume":"19","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wang, G., Yuan, Y., Zou, G., Yang, W., Tan, Q., Kang, W., and She, Z. (2022). Metabolites With Cytotoxic Activities From the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Fusarium sp. 2ST2. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.842405"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.0c00523","article-title":"Cytotoxic Xanthone Derivatives from the Mangrove-Derived Endophytic Fungus Peniophora incarnata Z4","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.06.020","article-title":"miRNA778 and SUVH6 are involved in phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102360","article-title":"Synthesis of diosgenin conjugated gold nanoparticles using algal extract of sp. and in-vitro application of their antiproliferative activities","volume":"27","author":"Amina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209194","article-title":"Diosgenin inhibits osteoclastogenesis, invasion, and proliferation through the downregulation of Akt, I kappa B kinase activation and NF-kappa B-regulated gene expression","volume":"25","author":"Shishodia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.08.008","article-title":"Hypericin-assisted photodynamic therapy against anaplastic thyroid cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153245","article-title":"Licochalcone A reverses NNK-induced ectopic miRNA expression to elicit in vitro and in vivo chemopreventive effects","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2174\/138955711794519492","article-title":"Plant-derived bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhang, L., Lu, R., Zhu, T., Wang, Y., Tian, X., Liu, Y., Chen, N., and Li, W. (2025). Two new compounds with anticancer and antibacterial activities purified from Fusarium oxysporum LZC03. Nat. Prod. Res., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2025.2570891"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Ye, Z., Wang, G., Chen, Y., Deng, J., Wang, D., and Wang, Y. (2025). Natural Products as Novel Therapeutic Agents for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Evidence, Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30061201"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.F., Ma, J., Jing, Q.Q., Cao, X.Z., Chen, L., Chao, R., Zheng, J.Y., Shao, C.L., He, X.X., and Wei, M.Y. (2022). Integrating Activity-Guided Strategy and Fingerprint Analysis to Target Potent Cytotoxic Brefeldin A from a Fungal Library of the Medicinal Mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20070432"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109739","article-title":"Toosendanin and isotoosendanin suppress triple-negative breast cancer growth via inducing necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"351","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NP00071C","article-title":"Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: The phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-024-00561-2","article-title":"Anti-tumor activity of beauvericin: Focus on intracellular signaling pathways","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6174","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4318","article-title":"Anticancer potential of phytochemicals derived from mangrove plants: Comprehensive mechanistic insights","volume":"12","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s42398-024-00307-x","article-title":"Endophytic fungi from parasitic-plant, and their potential for producing L-asparaginase of pharmaceutical significance","volume":"7","author":"Khare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.11.006","article-title":"Can Acanthus spinosus be used as an alternative antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory agent?","volume":"145","author":"Sarikurkcu","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.105085","article-title":"New iboga-type alkaloids from Ervatamia officinalis and their anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"156","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09705-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial compounds from marine fungi","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15412","article-title":"Improvement of endoglucanase production by Aspergillus brasiliensis in solid-state fermentation using cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum) residue as substrate","volume":"132","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c01015","article-title":"Calamene-Type Sesqui-, Mero-, and Bis-sesquiterpenoids from Cultures of Heimiomyces sp., a Basidiomycete Collected in Africa","volume":"86","author":"Pfutze","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2023.01.009","article-title":"Cardiac sapogenins from","volume":"54","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00672-5","article-title":"Antiviral potency of lupane and oleanane alkynyl-derivatives against human cytomegalovirus and papillomavirus","volume":"77","author":"Khusnutdinova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48908","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19249-0","article-title":"In silico, in vitro screening of antioxidant and anticancer potentials of bioactive secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus (Curvularia sp.) from Phyllanthus niruri L.","volume":"29","author":"Kalimuthu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moubasher, H.A., Balbool, B.A., Helmy, Y.A., Alsuhaibani, A.M., Atta, A.A., Sheir, D.H., and Abdel-Azeem, A.M. (2022). Insights into Asparaginase from Endophytic Fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Purification, Characterization and Antileukemic Activity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020680"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heilos, D., Rodriguez-Carrasco, Y., Englinger, B., Timelthaler, G., van Schoonhoven, S., Sulyok, M., Boecker, S., Sussmuth, R.D., Heffeter, P., and Lemmens-Gruber, R. (2017). The Natural Fungal Metabolite Beauvericin Exerts Anticancer Activity In Vivo: A Pre-Clinical Pilot Study. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090258"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Zehery, H.R.A., Ashry, N.M., Faiesal, A.A., Attia, M.S., Abdel-Maksoud, M.A., El-Tayeb, M.A., Aufy, M., and El-Dougdoug, N.K. (2024). Antibacterial and anticancer potential of bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from Anethum graveolens. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1448191"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.09.009","article-title":"Ca2+ sensor-mediated ROS scavenging suppresses rice immunity and is exploited by a fungal effector","volume":"184","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, J., Zhang, W., and Balthasar, J.P. (2025). Camptothein-Based Anti-Cancer Therapies and Strategies to Improve Their Therapeutic Index. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17061032"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Ortega, H.U., Cordova-Espiritu, R.R., Cano-Serrano, S., Garcia-Gonzalez, E., Bravo-Sanchez, M.G., Orozco-Mosqueda, M.D.C., Jimenez-Islas, H., Luna-Barcenas, G., and Villasenor-Ortega, F. (2025). Camptothecin in Cancer Therapy: Current Challenges and Emerging Strategies with Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111414"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02270-4","article-title":"Camptothecin bioprocessing from Aspergillus terreus, an endophyte of Catharanthus roseus: Antiproliferative activity, topoisomerase inhibition and cell cycle analysis","volume":"23","author":"ElSayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035441","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1035441","article-title":"Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"2022","author":"Semwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.11.026","article-title":"Extracellular resveratrol producing endophytic fungus","volume":"146","author":"Meshram","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2023.e00791","article-title":"Immunogenic fusion proteins induce neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum and milk of sheep","volume":"38","author":"Jacobson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, X., Xu, L., Wang, J., Dong, M., Xu, C., Kai, G., Wan, W., and Jiang, J. (2022). Endophytic fungus Pseudodidymocyrtis lobariellae KL27 promotes taxol biosynthesis and accumulation in Taxus chinensis. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03396-6"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2367239","article-title":"New polyketides and cytotoxic alkaloids from the mangrove endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. SAF14","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2024-0198","article-title":"Emerging silk sericin-based formulation fortified with therapeutics in the management of diabetic wound and skin tissue regeneration","volume":"80","author":"Basu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuriakose, G.C., Palem, P.P., and Jayabaskaran, C. (2016). Fungal vincristine from Eutypella spp.\u2014CrP14 isolated from Catharanthus roseus induces apoptosis in human squamous carcinoma cell line -A431. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1299-2"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonk, D., Mujib, A., Maqsood, M., Khusrau, M., Alsughayyir, A., and Dewir, Y.H. (2023). Fungal Elicitation Enhances Vincristine and Vinblastine Yield in the Embryogenic Tissues of Catharanthus roseus. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12193373"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, A., Gupta, P., Rai, N., Tiwari, R.K., Kumar, A., Salvi, P., Kamble, S.C., Singh, S.K., and Gautam, V. (2022). Assessment of Biological Activities of Fungal Endophytes Derived Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Amoora rohituka. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8030285"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2022.105127","article-title":"Xanthones and benzophenones isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. ct-28 of Corydlis tomentella and their cytotoxic activity","volume":"157","author":"Ming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Jin, S., Lu, Q., and Chen, Y. (2023). Advances and Challenges in CRISPR\/Cas-Based Fungal Genome Engineering for Secondary Metabolite Production: A Review. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030362"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170511112815","article-title":"Fungal Anticancer Metabolites: Synthesis Towards Drug Discovery","volume":"25","author":"Barbero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrado, R., Gomes, T.C., Roque, G.S.C., and De Souza, A.O. (2022). Overview of Bioactive Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Compounds. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111604"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1885","article-title":"Nucleophosmin and cancer","volume":"6","author":"Grisendi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2803","article-title":"Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: A radical therapeutic approach?","volume":"8","author":"Trachootham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.06.004","article-title":"Optimization of high-throughput sequencing kinetics for determining enzymatic rate constants of thousands of RNA substrates","volume":"510","author":"Niland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13402","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b03597","article-title":"Characterizing Drug Release from Nonfouling Polyampholyte Hydrogels","volume":"31","author":"Barcellona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155982","article-title":"Lutein protects senescent ciliary muscle against oxidative stress through the Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE pathway","volume":"134","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2023.117560","article-title":"Linker optimization and activity validation of a cell surface vimentin targeted homo-dimeric peptoid antagonist for lung cancer stem cells","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216645","article-title":"Pioneering the future of cancer therapy: Deciphering the p53-ferroptosis nexus for precision medicine","volume":"585","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.463985","article-title":"Comparison of chromatographic conditions for the targeted tandem mass spectrometric determination of 354 mammalian metabolites","volume":"1697","author":"Floros","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.07.001","article-title":"Biotechnological strategies for production of camptothecin from fungal and bacterial endophytes","volume":"134","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-025-00723-6","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of chemotherapy-induced adverse drug reactions among children with cancer in Africa","volume":"21","author":"Senbeta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asprea, M., Tatini, F., Piazzini, V., Rossi, F., Bergonzi, M.C., and Bilia, A.R. (2019). Stable, Monodisperse, and Highly Cell-Permeating Nanocochleates from Natural Soy Lecithin Liposomes. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11010034"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2023.2300217","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying dose-limiting toxicities of conventional chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"36","author":"Manavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-023-00925-9","article-title":"Secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi: Production, methods of analysis, and diverse pharmaceutical potential","volume":"90","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2025.104101","article-title":"Protocol to assess the cytotoxicity of autologous human skin immune cells against senescent fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komoshvili, K., Israel, K., Levitan, J., Yahalom, A., Barbora, A., and Liberman-Aronov, S. (2020). W-Band Millimeter Waves Targeted Mortality of H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells without Affecting Non-Tumorigenic MCF-10A Human Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0296.v2"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-05098-9","article-title":"An Update of Fungal Endophyte Diversity and Strategies for Augmenting Therapeutic Potential of their Potent Metabolites: Recent Advancement","volume":"197","author":"Prajapati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochin-Hernandez, L.S., Rochin-Hernandez, L.J., and Flores-Cotera, L.B. (2022). Endophytes, a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds to Curtail the Formation-Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144469"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468957","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1468957","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and Proapoptotic Effects of Allium atroviolaceum Flower Extract by Modulating Cell Cycle Arrest and Caspase-Dependent and p53-Independent Pathway in Breast Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"2017","author":"Khazaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, K.L., Kour, D., Sheikh, I., Yadav, N., Yadav, A.N., Kumar, V., Singh, B.P., Dhaliwal, H.S., and Saxena, A.K. (2019). Biodiversity of endophytic fungi from diverse niches and their biotechnological applications. Advances in Endophytic Fungal Research: Present Status and Future Challenges, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03589-1_6"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4306","article-title":"The Drug Repurposing Hub: A next-generation drug library and information resource","volume":"23","author":"Corsello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0121-1","article-title":"Fungal secondary metabolism: Regulation, function and drug discovery","volume":"17","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sercombe, L., Veerati, T., Moheimani, F., Wu, S.Y., Sood, A.K., and Hua, S. (2015). Advances and Challenges of Liposome Assisted Drug Delivery. Front. Pharmacol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00286"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.05.015","article-title":"Tepotinib reverses ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer cells","volume":"166","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razzaq, A., Zafar, M.M., Ali, A., Ihsan, L., Qadir, F., Khan, M.N., Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Cong, H., and Iqbal, R. (2025). Elicitor-mediated enhancement of secondary metabolites in plant species: A review. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1706600"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoforou, I., Kalatzis, A., Siamidi, A., Vlachou, M., Pispas, S., and Pippa, N. (2025). The Ubiquitous Use of Polyethylene Glycol in Pharmaceutical Design and Development: Technological Aspects and Future Perspectives. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15231762"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, T., and Miao, G. (2024). Strategies, Achievements, and Potential Challenges of Plant and Microbial Chassis in the Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Metabolites. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092106"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, T., Merecz-Sadowska, A., Picot, L., Brcic Karaconji, I., Wieczfinska, J., Sliwinski, T., and Sitarek, P. (2022). Genetic Manipulation and Bioreactor Culture of Plants as a Tool for Industry and Its Applications. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030795"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.20307\/nps.2020.26.1.10","article-title":"Endophytic Fungi Inhabiting Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Secondary Metabolites","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8097061","article-title":"Taxol and taxane production by Taxomyces andreanae, an endophytic fungus of Pacific yew","volume":"260","author":"Stierle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.09.093","article-title":"Toosendanin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through the p38 MAPK pathway in human gastric cancer cells","volume":"505","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.1021\/ol062257t","article-title":"Chaetominine, a cytotoxic alkaloid produced by endophytic Chaetomium sp. IFB-E015","volume":"8","author":"Jiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06711-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic fungi extracts from mangrove plants Rhizophora stylosa and R. mucronata","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64052-x","article-title":"Bioprocess development for L-asparaginase production by Streptomyces rochei, purification and in-vitro efficacy against various human carcinoma cell lines","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2423036","article-title":"A review of the pharmaceutical applications of endophytic fungal secondary metabolites","volume":"39","author":"Enyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, P., and Bae, H. (2022). Endophytic Fungi: Key Insights, Emerging Prospects, and Challenges in Natural Product Drug Discovery. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020360"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106688","article-title":"Recent advances and clinical translation of liposomal delivery systems in cancer therapy","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basak, S., and Das, T.K. (2025). Liposome-Based Drug Delivery Systems: From Laboratory Research to Industrial Production-Instruments and Challenges. Chemengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering9030056"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Bostami, R.D., Abuwatfa, W.H., and Husseini, G.A. (2022). Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Co-Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152672"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.01.098","article-title":"Detection of metabolite induction in fungal co-cultures on solid media by high-throughput differential ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting","volume":"1292","author":"Bertrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.06.022","article-title":"Target-specific control of lymphoid-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp) activity","volume":"18","author":"Walton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"The phosphatome of opportunistic pathogen Candida species","volume":"35","author":"Miskei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-023-01276-8","article-title":"Correlative metabologenomics of 110 fungi reveals metabolite-gene cluster pairs","volume":"19","author":"Caesar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinedo-Rivilla, C., Aleu, J., and Duran-Patron, R. (2022). Cryptic Metabolites from Marine-Derived Microorganisms Using OSMAC and Epigenetic Approaches. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20020084"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NP00070E","article-title":"Fungal-fungal co-culture: A primer for generating chemical diversity","volume":"39","author":"Knowles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W357","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad379","article-title":"NBBC: A non-B DNA burden explorer in cancer","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillay, L.C., Nekati, L., Makhwitine, P.J., and Ndlovu, S.I. (2022). Epigenetic Activation of Silent Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Endophytic Fungi Using Small Molecular Modifiers. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.815008"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, G.F., Zhang, X., Zhu, F., Huo, Z.Q., Yao, Q.Q., Feng, Q., Liu, Z., Zhang, G.M., Yao, J.C., and Liang, H.B. (2022). MS\/MS-Based Molecular Networking: An Efficient Approach for Natural Products Dereplication. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010157"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0933-6","article-title":"Feature-based molecular networking in the GNPS analysis environment","volume":"17","author":"Nothias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3597","article-title":"Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1890","article-title":"Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster","volume":"11","author":"Medema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2014.01.002","article-title":"Utilizing an endogenous pathway for 1-butanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"22","author":"Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.0c00197","article-title":"CRISPR-Mediated Activation of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters for Bioactive Molecule Discovery in Filamentous Fungi","volume":"9","author":"Roux","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80864-3","article-title":"CRISPR-based transcriptional activation tool for silent genes in filamentous fungi","volume":"11","author":"Mozsik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11022","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC02226A","article-title":"A heterologous expression platform in Aspergillus nidulans for the elucidation of cryptic secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters: Discovery of the Aspergillus fumigatus sartorypyrone biosynthetic pathway","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.133426","article-title":"Fungal fermentation: The blueprint for transforming industrial side streams and residues","volume":"440","author":"Khatami","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fny138","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny138","article-title":"Scale-up of industrial microbial processes","volume":"365","author":"Crater","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beato, M.S., and Veneroso, V. (2023). The Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing: The neglected issue of animal health. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1124120"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tironi, L.S., Carletto, L.B., Silva, E.O., Schripsema, J., and Luiz, J.H.H. (2024). Endophytic Fungi Co-Culture: An Alternative Source of Antimicrobial Substances. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122413"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, B.B., Nogueira, M.A., and Hungria, M. (2025). Microbial Secondary Metabolites and Their Use in Achieving Sustainable Agriculture: Present Achievements and Future Challenges. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15061350"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"102385","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of endophytes in enhancing plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis","volume":"45","author":"Alum","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-3-71","article-title":"Evaluation of culture media for the production of secondary metabolites in a natural products screening program","volume":"3","author":"Vandermolen","year":"2013","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-024-00452-0","article-title":"Advances on anticancer fungal metabolites: Sources, chemical and biological activities in the last decade (2012\u20132023)","volume":"14","author":"Evidente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospecting"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112502","article-title":"Anticancer fungal natural products: Mechanisms of action and biosynthesis","volume":"202","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2025.108532","article-title":"Computational advances in biosynthetic gene cluster discovery and prediction","volume":"79","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadiji, A.E., and Babalola, O.O. (2020). Elucidating Mechanisms of Endophytes Used in Plant Protection and Other Bioactivities with Multifunctional Prospects. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00467"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-021-00939-0","article-title":"Endophytic fungal communities and their biotechnological implications for agro-environmental sustainability","volume":"67","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, F., Song, Z.S., Luo, L., Bo, X.L., Wu, F.R., Tan, M.J., Wang, F.F., Huang, X.S., and Wang, H.S. (2024). Diisoprenyl Cyclohexene-Type Meroterpenoids with Cytotoxic Activity from a Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. GXNU-Y85. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22020058"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112230","article-title":"Best practice in research\u2014Overcoming common challenges in phytopharmacological research","volume":"246","author":"Heinrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1039\/D4DD00257A","article-title":"Advancing predictive toxicology: Overcoming hurdles and shaping the future","volume":"4","author":"Masarone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit. Discov."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.51594\/estj.v4i6.679","article-title":"Advancing Infrastructure in Developing Nations: A Synthesis of AI Integration Strategies for Smart Pavement Engineering","volume":"4","author":"Abayomi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/4\/693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:23:51Z","timestamp":1771320231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/4\/693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31040693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31040693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}