{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:54:32Z","timestamp":1790452472343,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project for Enhancing the Innovation Capacity of Shandong\u2019s Small and Medium-sized Technology-based Enterprises","award":["2025TSGCCZZB0623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025TSGCCZZB0623"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of Weifang University of Science and Technology","award":["KJRC2022012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJRC2022012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a tomato biochar composite modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB@TBC) was successfully synthesized using an ethanol solution method. It was comprehensively characterized to evaluate its morphology (SEM), crystal structure (XRD), chemical bonding (FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy), surface area (BET analysis), and thermal stability (TGA). The adsorption performance of the composite for xylenol orange (XO) was subsequently evaluated in detail. The findings revealed that CTAB@TBC exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 150.59 mg\/g for XO. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption process conformed to a pseudo-second-order model, implying that chemisorption was the step limiting the rate. The Langmuir model accurately described the adsorption isotherm data, suggesting monolayer adsorption on a uniform surface. Thermodynamic evaluation further revealed a negative Gibbs free energy (\u0394G) change, confirming the spontaneity of the adsorption process. In summary, the results suggest that CTAB@TBC is a highly effective adsorbent for eliminating dyes from wastewater and offers considerable promise for treating industrial effluents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T12:59:16Z","timestamp":1771419556000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhanced Adsorption of Xylenol Orange by CTAB-Functionalized Tomato-Derived Biochar: Mechanisms and Performance Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9484-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6380-9015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runxiu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0450-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China"},{"name":"Shandong Solid New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Weifang 262700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36369-5","article-title":"Enhanced decontamination of cationic and anionic dye from aqueous solutions using Hybrid ultrasonicated eggshell biochar nanomaterial: Statistical optimization model, techno-economic and sustainable approach","volume":"32","author":"Rubangakene","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. 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