{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T15:02:18Z","timestamp":1771858938223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gluten-free foods may help address oxidative stress and inflammation linked to gluten-related disorders. This study characterized the phytochemical profile of a 70% ethanolic extract from commercial white quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) flour (Peru) and evaluated its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo in a rat model of acute inflammation. Total polyphenols and flavonoids were quantified spectrophotometrically, while individual phenolics were profiled by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro using DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. For in vivo testing, male Wistar rats received for 10 days quinoa extract (100%\u20141 g\/mL, 50\u20130.5 g\/mL, or 25\u20130.25 g\/mL) either therapeutically (after turpentine-induced inflammation) or prophylactically (before induction), with diclofenac and Trolox as reference controls; systemic oxidative stress (TOS, TAC, OSI, AOPP, MDA, NO, 3-NT, total thiols) and inflammatory mediators (NF-\u03baB p65, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, caspase-1, IL-10) were measured by spectrophotometry\/ELISA and explored multivariately by PCA. Quinoa extract contained measurable phenolic and flavonoid levels (TPC 1.25 mg GAE\/g d.w.; TFC 68.5 mg QE\/100 g d.w.) and was dominated by flavonoid glycosides and hydroxybenzoic acids. It showed strong radical-scavenging\/reducing activity in vitro. In vivo, the extract dose-dependently attenuated turpentine-induced nitro-oxidative stress and reduced key pro-inflammatory markers (notably NF-\u03baB, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and caspase-1), in several endpoints matching or exceeding diclofenac\/Trolox effects, while IL-10 was largely unchanged. These findings support white quinoa flour extract as a phytochemical-rich, gluten-free ingredient with promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, warranting further translational investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31040736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:05:11Z","timestamp":1771855511000},"page":"736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gluten-Free White Quinoa Flour Exhibits Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ioana","family":"Feren\u021biu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"General Nursing, Faculty of Medical Care and Health Sciences, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8959-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiberia Ioana","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9052-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Elena","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andra Diana","family":"Cecan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8244-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinu","family":"Bolundu\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, \u201cIon Chiricu\u021b\u0103\u201d Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Ranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciprian Ovidiu","family":"Dalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"\u021aicolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anca Elena","family":"But","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, 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