{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:45:00Z","timestamp":1790012700716,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["IPP: 373-188-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPP: 373-188-2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield, phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and \u03b1-amylase inhibition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf extracts to evaluate their antidiabetic potential. Extraction yields varied with solvent polarity, with the hydroethanolic extract showing the highest (18.00%) and n-hexane the lowest (0.05%) yield. The n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions contained the most phenolics (309.05 and 290.97 mg GAE\/g), ethyl acetate was the richest in flavonoids (102.11 mg QE\/g), and tannins were concentrated in dichloromethane (66.24 mg CE\/g). HPLC revealed solvent-specific profiles: rutin and gallic acid dominated in n-butanol, quercetin in ethyl acetate, and 4-hydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids in dichloromethane, while chicoric acid appeared in hydroethanolic and n-hexane extracts. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) showed strong activity in polar extracts, particularly hydroethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions. The n-hexane extract exhibited the highest \u03b1-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 36.70 \u00b5g\/mL), surpassing acarbose (IC50 = 126.14 \u00b5g\/mL), while other fractions were inactive (IC50 &gt; 400 \u00b5g\/mL). Molecular docking highlighted rutin, chlorogenic acid, and chicoric acid as potential enzyme binders. These findings demonstrate the chemical diversity and significant bioactivities of E. angustifolia leaves, supporting their potential as natural antidiabetic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31050861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:11:22Z","timestamp":1772716282000},"page":"861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phytochemistry and In Vitro Bioactivities of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Leaves: Influence of Solvent Polarity, Antioxidant Properties, and \u03b1-Amylase Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Rayene","family":"Bouaita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health (LBWEH), University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randa","family":"Djemil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health (LBWEH), University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Bouhalit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health (LBWEH), University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Lekmine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health (LBWEH), University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouided","family":"Benslama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M\u2019Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4176-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saber","family":"Boutellaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Sciences and Materials, Abdelhafid Boussouf University Center, Mila 43000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Touzout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Materials and Environment, University Yahia Fares of Medea, Urban Center, Medea 26000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Pole Urban Ouzera, University of Medea, Medea 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2349-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Musta\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-0099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrijel","family":"Ondra\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Imtiaz","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/biochem4030010","article-title":"Oxidative Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Diseases: Biology and Nanomedicines\u2014A Review","volume":"4","author":"Rezvani","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioChem"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benslama, O., Lekmine, S., Moussa, H., Tahraoui, H., Ola, M.S., Zhang, J., and Amrane, A. 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