{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:13:26Z","timestamp":1791994406774,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anhui Province New Era Education Quality Project","award":["2024yjsxxsfkc044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024yjsxxsfkc044"]}]},{"name":"the Project of Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials of the College of Chemistry and Materials Science of Anhui Normal University","award":["fzj22016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["fzj22016"]}]},{"name":"Quality Assurance and Teaching Reform Project of Wannan Medical College","award":["2024xxkc06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024xxkc06"]}]},{"name":"Quality Assurance and Teaching Reform Project of Wannan Medical College","award":["2024jc02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024jc02"]}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["S202510368003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510368003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring the concentration of doxorubicin (DOX) was critical for tumor treatment, but existing methods failed to cross cell membrane. Here, an electrochemical platform for intracellular DOX detection in MCF-7 cells based on membrane-permeation strategy was developed. A modified gold electrode was prepared via electrodepositing AuNPs and assembling SH-DNA. Concurrently, the silica nanosphere\/gold nanocluster-circular transmembrane peptide (SiO2\/AuNCs-iRGD) composite nanoparticles with membrane permeability, tumor targeting, and imaging capability were synthesized. After co-incubation of SiO2\/AuNCs-iRGD with MCF-7 cells and DOX, followed by co-incubation with the DNA-modified electrode, intracellular DOX intercalated into the DNA backbone, and redox-generated electrons were transferred to the electrode to produce a concentration-correlated electrochemical signal. The modification of the electrode, the morphology of the composite nanoparticles and the detection process were characterized by means of SEM, TEM, CV, EIS, DPV, fluorescence spectroscopy and laser confocal imaging. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method exhibited a wide detection range of 0.05\u2013300 \u03bcmol\/L, with a detection limit of 0.01 \u03bcmol\/L. Moreover, the modified electrode demonstrated satisfactory regenerability, and the proposed method showed excellent reproducibility and stability. The development platform could offer a new strategy for real-time assessment of drug concentration within cultured breast cancer cells in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1773225807000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electrochemical Sensing of Doxorubicin in Breast Cancer Cells Based on Membrane-Permeation Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Lizhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongtao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Innovative Center for Drug Basic Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Innovative Center for Drug Basic Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-Evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"},{"name":"Anhui Innovative Center for Drug Basic Research of Metabolic Diseases, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD005343","article-title":"Chemotherapy versus surgery for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer","volume":"2","author":"Coleridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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