{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:19:17Z","timestamp":1792181957493,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are increasingly being considered for medical applications. The objective of this article is to determine which anti-diabetic drugs and compounds have been enhanced by CNPs, and which CNP scaffolds were found to be successful. The anti-diabetic drugs administered loaded on CNPs include insulin, metformin, glimepiride and vanadium compounds. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), hybrid systems and fullerenes are all carriers able to alleviate symptoms of diabetes. Successful CNPs are 10 nm or less and can have a flat pancake structure, as well as the spherical CQDs and the spherical-but-hollow gadofullerene (Gd-C82). The use of the carbon nanoparticle scaffold includes oral, intravenous administration and placement as an implant in a diabetic animal model system. In vitro studies in an insulin-resistant model demonstrate a 500\u20131000-fold enhancement of metformin when placed on the pegylated GOQD. Although some CNPs have low toxicity, more information is needed for understanding the metabolism associated with uptake and processing. In summary, CNPs represent a novel class of nanoparticles that has promising potential. They enhance the efficacy of anti-diabetic drugs, have low toxicity, and keep the loaded drug protected until reaching their targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T15:32:09Z","timestamp":1773243129000},"page":"941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Applications of Carbon Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots in Treatment of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5862-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3446-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhinandan","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoda","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratories of Natural and Mimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-3450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie C.","family":"Crans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115734","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus: Classification, Mediators, and Complications; A Gate to Identify Potential Targets for the Development of New Effective Treatments","volume":"168","author":"Antar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. 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