{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:07:30Z","timestamp":1783350450952,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIMA grant","award":["Section 2-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Section 2-2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Investigation Agency"},{"name":"European Union \u201cNextGenerationEU\u201d\/Recovery Plant, Transformation and Resilience","award":["PCI2022-132966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2022-132966"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) Tunisia"},{"name":"National Institute of Research on Rural Engineering, Water and Forests"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs) from combined plant materials offer a promising alternative to conventional extraction by enhancing chemical diversity and bioactivity. This study evaluated the chemical composition and insecticidal properties of individual and combined plant EOs from Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus lehmannii, Salvia rosmarinus and Thymus vulgaris were evaluated against aphids. Binary and ternary combinations were prepared in equal proportions prior to hydrodistillation. GC-MS analysis revealed significant compositional shifts in EOs from combined plant materials. Major compounds in individual oils included citral (53.11%) and neral (29.14%) in C. citratus, thymol (70.84%) in T. vulgaris, and eucalyptol as the predominant compound in E. camaldulensis (66.51%), E. lehmannii (56.99%) and S. rosmarinus (46.56%), respectively. In the combined oils, the relative abundance of these constituents was altered, and in some cases new constituents were introduced. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) revealed that combined plant EOs clustered near their parental oils, indicating compositional inheritance. Contact toxicity assay against Aphis fabae demonstrated enhanced efficacy of the combined oils, with reduced LC50 values (1.39 \u00b5L mL\u22121 for E. camaldulensis + T. vulgaris) and synergistic interactions, indicated by a co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) of 221.58 and elevated synergistic factors. Pearson correlation analysis and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression jointly identified Acorenone B and thymol as negatively, and caryophyllene as positively correlated compounds, all with relatively high contribution to insecticidal activity, ranking highest with a Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores &gt; 1.0. While PLS model had modest predictive power, the integration of these statistical approaches supports the insecticidal potential of combined plant-derived EOS in laboratory bioassays and indicates their relevance to sustainable crop protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:46:31Z","timestamp":1773326791000},"page":"945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergistic and Additive Interactions in Essential Oils Obtained from Combined Plant Materials: Enhanced Control of Insect Pests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6666-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imtinene","family":"Hamdeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, National Institute of Researches on Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, P.B. 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2516-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Boukhris-Bouhachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, National Institute of Researches on Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, P.B. 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia"},{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRAT), Tunis 1004, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounir","family":"Louhaichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), CGIAR Multifunctional Landscapes Science Program, Tunis 1004, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdennacer","family":"Boulila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles, Institut National de Recherche et d\u2019Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Ariana 2020, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, National Institute of Researches on Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, P.B. 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (CNSTN), Sidi Thabet Technopark, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Coque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de la Vi\u00f1a y el Vino, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agraria y Forestal, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24009 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamia","family":"Hamrouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, National Institute of Researches on Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, P.B. 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loukili, E.H., Fadil, M., Elrherabi, A., Er-Rajy, M., Taibi, M., Azzaoui, K., Salghi, R., Sabbahi, R., Alanazi, M.M., and Rhazi, L. 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