{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:07:42Z","timestamp":1790698062534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ketoprofen is a widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug whose extensive global use, combined with limited biodegradability, has led to its increasing detection as a micropollutant in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Incomplete removal during wastewater treatment results in its continuous release into surface waters and soils, creating conditions for chronic, low-dose exposure of non-target organisms. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physicochemical characteristics of ketoprofen, its mechanism of action, environmental occurrence, degradation pathways, and ecotoxicological effects. Particular emphasis is placed on biological and photochemical transformation processes that influence ketoprofen persistence and toxicity. While the acute toxicity of ketoprofen has been relatively well documented, data on chronic toxicity remain scarce, despite growing evidence that long-term exposure may pose significant ecological risks. Studies indicate that low environmental concentrations can induce hormetic responses in animals and plants, whereas higher levels may cause cellular damage associated with oxidative stress, affecting organisms ranging from microorganisms to vertebrates and vascular plants. By integrating available data on ketoprofen degradation and toxicity, this review highlights critical knowledge gaps regarding its chronic ecotoxicity and underscores the need for systematic environmental monitoring and the development of effective degradation strategies to mitigate risks to non-target organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:46:31Z","timestamp":1773326791000},"page":"949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Hidden Threat of Pharmaceuticals: Ketoprofen Degradation and Toxicity to Non-Target Organisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0786-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Solski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Guzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6681-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Wojcieszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.12.020","article-title":"Targeted eco-pharmacovigilance for ketoprofen in the environment: Need, strategy and challenge","volume":"194","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2008.0347","article-title":"Adsorption and degradation of ketoprofen in soils","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.07.006","article-title":"Subchronic and chronic toxicity evaluation of inorganic nanoparticles for delivery applications","volume":"144","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/minf.201000151","article-title":"QSAR modelling of rat acute toxicity on the basis of PASS prediction","volume":"30","author":"Lagunin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Okomoda, V., Solomon, S.G., Ataguba, G.A., Ayuba, V.O., and Asuwaju, F.P. (2013, January 25\u201329). Acute toxicity test in aquaculture: A review. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Abuja, Nigeria."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2018-0001","article-title":"Advances in acute toxicity testing: Strengths, weaknesses and regulatory acceptance","volume":"11","author":"Erhirhie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damalas, C.A., and Koutroubas, S.D. (2016). Farmers\u2019 exposure to pesticides: Toxicity types and ways of prevention. Toxics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics4010001"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00600-7","article-title":"Statistical analysis of regulatory ecotoxicity tests","volume":"45","author":"Isnard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"158","article-title":"A review on new uses of ketoprofen and its role in clinical practices","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Eng. Sci. (IJRES)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2005.03.054","article-title":"Current technologies for the production of (S)-ketoprofen: Process perspective","volume":"40","author":"Ong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71615-9","article-title":"Enhancing ketoprofen\u2019s solubility and anti-inflammatory efficacy with safe methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin complexation","volume":"14","author":"Rajamohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2006.06.006","article-title":"Solubilization and dissolution of insoluble weak acid, ketoprofen: Effects of pH combined with surfactant","volume":"29","author":"Sheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119686","article-title":"Solubility and thermodynamic analysis of ketoprofen in organic solvents","volume":"588","author":"Soto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200140040-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of dexketoprofen","volume":"40","author":"Barbanoj","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.07.015","article-title":"Elucidation of the mechanism of inhibition of cyclooxygenases by acyl-coenzyme A and acylglucuronic conjugates of ketoprofen","volume":"68","author":"Levoin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0613166","article-title":"Structural and functional basis of cyclooxygenase inhibition","volume":"50","author":"Blobaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00215","article-title":"Structural and chemical biology of the interaction of cyclooxygenase with substrates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"120","author":"Rouzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s11224-016-0893-8","article-title":"Structural stability of diclofenac vs. inhibition activity from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Comparative study with ibuprofen and ketoprofen","volume":"28","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1021\/bi010045s","article-title":"Structural analysis of NSAID binding by prostaglandin H2 synthase: Time-dependent and time-independent inhibitors elicit identical enzyme conformations","volume":"40","author":"Selinsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(01)00800-9","article-title":"Structure-based design of cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity into ketoprofen","volume":"12","author":"Palomer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.15586\/v51i6.918","article-title":"Clinical use of ketoprofen lysine salt: A reappraisal in adolescents with acute respiratory infections","volume":"51","author":"Marseglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1986.tb03459.x","article-title":"Ketoprofen: A review of its pharmacologic and clinical properties","volume":"6","author":"Kantor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"203","article-title":"Bioavailability file: Ketoprofen","volume":"34","author":"Rencber","year":"2009","journal-title":"FABAD J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S75160","article-title":"New insights into the use of currently available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"8","author":"Brune","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115370","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: Where were we and how far we have come?","volume":"267","author":"Izadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altharawi, A., and Abdel-Gawad, S.A. (2025). Environmental sustainability study for the determination of ketoprofen in the presence of its main photo-degradation products in river water using solid-contact electrodes. Chemosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13110375"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyumina, E., Subbotina, M., Polygalov, M., Tyan, S., and Ivshina, I. (2023). Ketoprofen as an emerging contaminant: Occurrence, ecotoxicity and (bio)removal. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1200108"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105677","article-title":"Novel organ-specific effects of ketoprofen and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen on toxicological response transcripts and their functional products in salmon","volume":"229","author":"Mennillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.01.035","article-title":"Modelling the biodegradation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by activated sludge and a pure culture","volume":"133","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3943","article-title":"Ecotoxicological properties of ketoprofen and the S(+)-enantiomer (dexketoprofen): Bioassays in freshwater model species and biomarkers in fish PLHC-1 cell line","volume":"37","author":"Mennillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.100992","article-title":"Constructive use of filamentous fungi to remove pharmaceutical substances from wastewater","volume":"33","author":"Dalecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.05.118","article-title":"A comparative study of the common persulfate activation techniques for the complete degradation of an NSAID: The case of ketoprofen","volume":"350","author":"Amasha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.04.103","article-title":"Advanced oxidation process-mediated removal of pharmaceuticals from water: A review","volume":"219","author":"Kanakaraju","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012049","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2194\/1\/012049","article-title":"The Effect of UV degradation of ketoprofen and its influencing factors","volume":"2194","author":"Zhen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-022-01653-y","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of high concentration aqueous solutions of ketoprofen: Adsorption, reaction kinetic and product studies","volume":"65","author":"Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2011.11.038","article-title":"Radiation induced degradation of ketoprofen in dilute aqueous solution","volume":"81","author":"Dombi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paparo, R., Viscovo, A., Trifuoggi, M., Di Serio, M., and Russo, V. (2024). Ketoprofen photodegradation kinetics promoted by TiO2. ChemEngineering, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering8050090"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105906","article-title":"Comparative study of degradation of ketoprofen and paracetamol by ultrasonic irradiation: Mechanism, toxicity and DBP formation","volume":"82","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"633","article-title":"Mechanism of degradation of ketoprofen by heterogeneous photocatalysis in aqueous solution","volume":"142\u2013143","author":"Faria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-4401-9","article-title":"Degradation of ketoprofen, tenoxicam, and meloxicam drugs by photo-assisted peroxidation and photo-fenton processes: Identification of intermediates and toxicity study","volume":"231","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2774-2","article-title":"Degradation of anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen by electro-oxidation: Comparison of electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164520","article-title":"Aerobic degradation of ketoprofen by marine consortia: Fenton-like reaction and degradation pathway","volume":"892","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-010-0501-2","article-title":"Sonochemical degradation of chlorinated phenolic compounds in water: Effects of physicochemical properties of the compounds on degradation","volume":"215","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.04.068","article-title":"Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor","volume":"39","author":"Quintana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-016-2145-9","article-title":"Biodegradation of ketoprofen using a microalgal\u2013bacterial consortium","volume":"38","author":"Ismail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-025-08187-5","article-title":"Degradation of diclofenac and ketoprofen by Bacillus paralicheniformis HAS-1, strain isolated from a soda lake sediment","volume":"236","author":"Aranda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.10.009","article-title":"White-rot fungus-mediated degradation of the analgesic ketoprofen and identification of intermediates by HPLC\u2013DAD\u2013MS and NMR","volume":"78","author":"Caminal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.086","article-title":"A new laccase-mediator system facing the biodegradation challenge: Insight into the NSAIDs removal","volume":"215","author":"Apriceno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137133","article-title":"Ketoprofen and aspirin removal by laccase immobilized on date stones","volume":"311","author":"Meiczinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.05.077","article-title":"Does ketoprofen or diclofenac pose the lowest risk to fish?","volume":"229\u2013230","author":"Cuklev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"United Nations (2011). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), United Nations. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148172","article-title":"Exposure of Mytilus trossulus to diclofenac and 4\u2032-hydroxydiclofenac: Uptake, bioconcentration and mass balance for the evaluation of their environmental fate","volume":"791","author":"Smolarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0818","article-title":"Toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to Gyps vultures: A new threat from ketoprofen","volume":"6","author":"Naidoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3662-5","article-title":"Toxicities of 48 pharmaceuticals and their freshwater and marine environmental assessment in northwestern France","volume":"23","author":"Minguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02518-w","article-title":"Plant compounds and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs interfere with quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum","volume":"203","author":"Vargas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cyco\u0144, M., Borymski, S., \u017bo\u0142nierczyk, B., and Piotrowska-Seget, Z. (2016). Variable effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on selected biochemical processes mediated by soil microorganisms. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01969"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paw\u0142owska, B., Telesi\u0144ski, A., Sysa, M., Godela, A., \u0160\u010durek, R., and Biczak, R. (2023). Ibuprofen and ketoprofen\u2014Inert drugs or potential environmental hazard?. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021613"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"45","article-title":"Monitoring of pharmaceutical residues of non-steroidal drugs with use of Escherichia coli-GFP biosensors","volume":"23","author":"Matejczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Chem. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8372-3","article-title":"Toxicity and biodegradation of ibuprofen by Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b)","volume":"24","author":"Marchlewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9117-0_16","article-title":"Biodegradation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their influence on soil microorganisms","volume":"Volume 16","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbes and Enzymes in Soil Health and Bioremediation"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"47","article-title":"Evaluating the ecotoxicity of different pharmaceuticals using Aliivibrio fischeri bioassays","volume":"2","author":"Ionescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ecol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.165","article-title":"Quorum sensing in bacteria","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02499-w","article-title":"Anti-quorum sensing potential of ketoprofen and its derivatives against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Insights to in silico and in vitro studies","volume":"203","author":"Tajani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138312","article-title":"Ketoprofen affects swimming behavior and impairs physiological endpoints of Daphnia magna","volume":"725","author":"Bownik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114993","article-title":"Evaluation of ketoprofen toxicity in two freshwater species: Effects on biochemical, physiological and population endpoints","volume":"265","author":"Alkimin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.148","article-title":"Long-term exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to diclofenac, ibuprofen and ketoprofen: Insights into bioavailability, biomarkers and transcriptomic changes","volume":"198","author":"Mezzelani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyx026","article-title":"Ketoprofen-induced inhibition of symptoms of behavioural fever observed in wintering Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)","volume":"83","author":"Lombardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Molluscan Stud."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121374","article-title":"Assessment of wastewater-borne pharmaceuticals in tissues and body fluids from riverine fish","volume":"324","author":"Benejam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149744","article-title":"Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in seafood from two Brazilian coastal areas: Implication for human risk assessment","volume":"803","author":"Mello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-09993-8","article-title":"Determination of 15 human pharmaceutical residues in fish and shrimp tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"194","author":"Pashaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.09.013","article-title":"Developmental toxicity and biological responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen","volume":"213","author":"Rangasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparison of acute toxicity of ketoprofen to juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio","volume":"32","author":"Praskova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175319","article-title":"Parental (F0) exposure to cadmium and ketoprofen induces developmental deformities in offspring (F1): A transgenerational toxicity assessment in zebrafish model","volume":"950","author":"Madesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114533","article-title":"Effects of ketoprofen on rice seedlings: Insights from photosynthesis, antioxidative stress, gene expression patterns, and integrated biomarker response analysis","volume":"263","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/6\/949\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:48:55Z","timestamp":1773326935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/6\/949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31060949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31060949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}