{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:30:54Z","timestamp":1773394254244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development: CNPq\/MCTI\u2014Universal Project","award":["407015\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407015\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development: CNPq\/MCTI\u2014Universal Project","award":["10\/2023\u2014UNIVERSAL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10\/2023\u2014UNIVERSAL"]}]},{"name":"PT national funds","award":["UID\/50006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current limitations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD) treatments necessitate innovative approaches. To this end, phenolic compounds from Tradescantia spathacea (T. spathacea) and bioactive silica demonstrate potential therapeutic efficacy in the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Hence, this study explores the neuroprotective potential of silica loaded with T. spathacea extract (SiO2-TS) in a preclinical model of PD. The aqueous extract of T. spathacea (AETS) was prepared via infusion and characterized in terms of overall yield (21.9 \u00b1 0.4%), total phenolic compounds (25.51 \u00b1 2.39 mg GAE\/g), and total flavonoid content (6.10 \u00b1 0.16 mg RE\/g). Silica loaded with AETS was synthesized and tested in adult Wistar rats (PD-like symptoms). The rats were treated with daily intranasal administration of SiO2-TS (10 or 30 mg\/kg) for 15 days. Quantitative behavioral analysis showed significant motor improvement and reduced anxiety-like behavior in the 30 mg\/kg SiO2-TS group compared to the 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine) control. Immunohistochemistry revealed preserved dopaminergic neurons and reduced astrogliosis (GFAP expression) in the same SiO2-TS group. These results suggest SiO2-TS has significant neuroprotective effects and warrants further study for Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:46:31Z","timestamp":1773326791000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preclinical Evaluation of Tradescantia spathacea Phenolic Extract-Loaded Silica in a Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6052-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenna E. S.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Environment, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9396-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Study on Colloidal Systems (NUESC), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinaldo V. B.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Environment, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiane B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Environment, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana F.","family":"De Conto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Study on Colloidal Systems (NUESC), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Process Engineering (PEP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Beatriz P. P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Laboratory of Bromatolgy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarete Z.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Environment, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5772-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klebson S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Study on Colloidal Systems (NUESC), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121153","article-title":"Modulating Autophagy and Mitophagy as a Promising Therapeutic Approach in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"311","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.123088","article-title":"Irisin\u2019s Emerging Role in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research: A Review from Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"357","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.057","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms, Translational Models and Management Strategies","volume":"226","author":"Raza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3585-x","article-title":"Understanding Multifactorial Architecture of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiology to Management","volume":"40","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.04.001","article-title":"The Role of Astrocyte Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Booth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Liang, M.C., and Soong, T.W. (2019). Nitric Oxide, Iron and Neurodegeneration. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00114"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3010011","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species: Angels and Demons in the Life of a Neuron","volume":"3","author":"Domenico","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroSci"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13031","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13031","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in the Aging Substantia Nigra and the Etiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Trist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02167-1","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Treatment: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"127","author":"Elsworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, D.K., Kwatra, M., Wang, J., and Ko, H.S. (2022). Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233736"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoon, M., Petzer, J.P., Viljoen, F., and Petzer, A. (2017). The Design and Evaluation of an L-Dopa\u2013Lazabemide Prodrug for the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122076"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(02)00120-0","article-title":"Antigenotoxic, Antimutagenic and ROS Scavenging Activities of a Rhoeo Discolor Ethanolic Crude Extract","volume":"17","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2024.01.003","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Tradescantia spathacea Tea Bioactives in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: In Vivo Proof-of-Concept","volume":"14","author":"Lopes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayan, R., Nayak, U.Y., Raichur, A.M., and Garg, S. (2018). Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030118"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.08.021","article-title":"Therapeutic Activity of Sour Orange Albedo Extract and Abundant Flavanones Loaded Silica Nanoparticles against Acrylamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Rizk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.03.040","article-title":"Development of a New (Bio)Hybrid Matrix Based on Althaea Officinalis and Betonica Officinalis Extracts Loaded into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Applications","volume":"51","author":"Ciobanu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2017.1412878","article-title":"Polymeric Nanoparticle Systems Loaded with Red Propolis Extract: A Comparative Study of the Encapsulating Systems, PCL-Pluronic versus Eudragit\u00aeE100-Pluronic","volume":"57","author":"Porto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-020-05219-w","article-title":"Effect of Microwave Irradiation on the Structural, Chemical, and Hydrophilicity Characteristics of Ordered Mesoporous Silica SBA-15","volume":"94","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo, A., Mortal\u00f2, C., Comune, L., Raffaini, G., Fiorentino, M., and Catauro, M. (2025). Sol\u2013gel Synthesized Silica\/Sodium Alginate Hybrids: Comprehensive Physico-Chemical and Biological Characterization. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.2025.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada-Hern\u00e1ndez, G.V., Figueroa-Ram\u00edrez, S.J., Sierra-Grajeda, J.M.T., and Aguilar-Uc\u00e1n, C.A. (2021). Obtaining and Characterization of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of the Tradescantia spathacea SW. CIERMMI Women in Science Biology, Chemistry and Life Sciences Handbook T-XIV, ECORFAN.","DOI":"10.35429\/H.2021.14.107.119"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-03994-6","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silica Nanoparticles Using the Leaf Extract of Punica Granatum and Assessment of Its Antibacterial Activities Against Human Pathogens","volume":"194","author":"Periakaruppan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2018.1428556","article-title":"Novel Models for Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Their Impact on Future Drug Discovery","volume":"13","author":"Blesa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.04.049","article-title":"Time Course Study of Microglial and Behavioral Alterations Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine in Rats","volume":"622","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1290928","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Mediated by a Reduction of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase","volume":"21","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luciano-Montalvo, C., Boulogne, I., and Gavill\u00e1n-Su\u00e1rez, J. (2013). A Screening for Antimicrobial Activities of Caribbean Herbal Remedies. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-126"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.10.022","article-title":"Aqueous Crude Extract of Rhoeo Discolor, a Mexican Medicinal Plant, Decreases the Formation of Liver Preneoplastic Foci in Rats","volume":"115","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.11.012","article-title":"In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Nine Plants Used in Mayan Traditional Medicine","volume":"121","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"17","article-title":"In vitro effects of Thai medicinal plants on human lymphocyte activity","volume":"29","author":"Sriwanthana","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"100571","article-title":"Synergistic, Antagonistic, and Additive Effects on the Resultant Antioxidant Activity in Infusions of Green Tea with Bee Honey and Citrus limonum Extract as Additives","volume":"12","author":"Uduwana","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18685","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201018685","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Rhoeo discolor Phenolic Rich Extracts Determined by Flow Cytometry","volume":"20","author":"Cardineau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lajoie, L., Fabiano-Tixier, A.S., and Chemat, F. (2022). Water as Green Solvent: Methods of Solubilisation and Extraction of Natural Products\u2014Past, Present and Future Solutions. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121507"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.68.17.01.017","article-title":"The Flavonoid Fraction from Rhoeo Discolor Leaves Acting as Antiviral against Influenza A Virus","volume":"11","author":"Winkler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.01.012","article-title":"Rhoeo spathacea (Swartz) Stearn Leaves, a Potential Natural Food Colorant","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12183236","article-title":"Bio-Fabrication of Bio-Inspired Silica Nanomaterials from Orange Peels in Combating Oxidative Stress","volume":"12","author":"Manca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.3.482","article-title":"The Open-Field Test: A Critical Review","volume":"83","author":"Walsh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-4636","article-title":"Fraxetin Alleviates Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation after Ischemic Stroke","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, Z., Tokhi, A., Arif, M., Rehman, N.U., Sheibani, V., Rauf, K., and Sewell, R.D.E. (2023). Fraxetin Attenuates Disrupted Behavioral and Central Neurochemical Activity in a Model of Chronic Unpredictable Stress. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135497"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13112","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13112","article-title":"Profiles and Neuroprotective Effects of Lycium ruthenicum Polyphenols against Oxidative Stress-induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104538","article-title":"Caffeic Acid Reduces A53T \u03b1-Synuclein by Activating JNK\/Bcl-2-Mediated Autophagy in Vitro and Improves Behaviour and Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.08.004","article-title":"Caffeic Acid Improves Locomotor Activity and Lessens Inflammatory Burden in a Mouse Model of Rotenone-Induced Nigral Neurodegeneration: Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s Disease Therapy","volume":"71","author":"Zaitone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.08.052","article-title":"Veratric Acid, a Phenolic Acid Attenuates Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress in l-NAME Induced Hypertensive Rats","volume":"671","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.12.007","article-title":"The Regulatory Effect of Veratric Acid on NO Production in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells","volume":"280","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108294","article-title":"Veratric Acid Alleviates Liver Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury by Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"101","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno-silva, B., Bueno, M.R., Kawamoto, D., Casarin, R.C., Pingueiro, J.M.S., Alencar, S.M., Rosalen, P.L., and Mayer, M.P.A. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of (3S)-Vestitol on Peritoneal Macrophages. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050553"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques Da Silva, V., Benjdir, M., Montagne, P., Pairon, J.C., Lanone, S., and Andujar, P. (2022). Pulmonary Toxicity of Silica Linked to Its Micro- or Nanometric Particle Size and Crystal Structure: A Review. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12142392"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17750351","article-title":"Evaluation of Exercise-Induced Modulation of Glial Activation and Dopaminergic Damage in a Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using [11C]PBR28 and [18F]FDOPA PET","volume":"39","author":"Real","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108700","article-title":"Cannabidiol Has Therapeutic Potential for Myofascial Pain in Female and Male Parkinsonian Rats","volume":"196","author":"Guimaraes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/6\/950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:26:41Z","timestamp":1773390401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/6\/950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31060950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31060950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}