{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:33:42Z","timestamp":1792204422566,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and chemical properties of four wild edible macrofungi\u2014Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Terfezia claveryi Chatin, Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. and Bovistella utriformis (Bull.) Demoulin &amp; Rebriev\u2014collected from different regions of T\u00fcrkiye, with particular emphasis on the role of phenolic compounds. Methanol and hexane extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, and Candida albicans using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined, and antioxidant capacities were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2\u2032-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assays. The chemical profiles of hexane extracts were characterized by GC\u2013MS analysis, whereas methanol extracts were analyzed by LC\u2013MS\/MS. Methanol extracts with high content of phenolic compounds exhibited markedly higher antimicrobial activity than hexane extracts, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. B. utriformis and A. arvensis displayed the highest phenolic contents (29.61 \u00b1 0.6 and 27.14 \u00b1 0.59 mg GAE\/g DW, respectively) and antioxidant activities, revealing a strong positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant capacity. LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis revealed catechin, cinnamic acid, and caffeic acid as prominent phenolic constituents, highlighting the role of polyphenols in the observed bioactivity. GC\u2013MS profiling predominantly identified fatty acid methyl esters, particularly linoleic and oleic acids, together with minor phenolic derivatives, suggesting a possible synergistic interaction contributing to the overall biological potential. The results highlight phenolic-rich macrofungi as valuable natural sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with potential applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T14:30:32Z","timestamp":1773671432000},"page":"978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phenolic-Rich Wild Edible Macrofungi: Antimicrobial Activity and Antioxidant Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Elif","family":"Ild\u0131z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Ni\u011fde \u00d6mer Halisdemir University, Ni\u011fde 51240, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Y\u00fcr\u00fcmez Canpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Ni\u011fde \u00d6mer Halisdemir University, Ni\u011fde 51240, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2014.01.003","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of eight edible mushrooms","volume":"3","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioact. 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