{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:28:29Z","timestamp":1773836909779,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whole-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a rich source of polyphenols. The in vivo mechanisms linking its phytochemical profile to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects remain incompletely defined. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a whole-grain rice flour 70% ethanol extract (OSEE) and correlated these effects with its phenolic composition. OSEE showed high total phenolic content 0.121 \u00b1 0.002 mg GAE\/g d.w.), a lower total flavonoid content (61.83 \u00b1 4.03 \u00b5g QE\/g d.w.), and a phenolic profile dominated by phenolic acids (~87%), with ferulic and protocatechuic acids among the most abundant constituents. OSEE displayed significant in vitro antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. In vivo activity was evaluated in male Wistar rats with turpentine oil-induced acute inflammation using both therapeutic (post-induction) and prophylactic (pre-induction) protocols, testing three oral doses of lyophilized extract (1.0, 0.50, and 0.25 g\/kg\/day). In vivo, OSEE attenuated systemic oxidative stress (TOS, TAC, OSI, AOPP, MDA, NOx, 3-nitrotyrosine, total thiols) and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (NF-\u03baB p65, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, caspase-1) in a dose-dependent manner with both protocols, with the highest dose producing the most consistent reductions, while the expression level of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 remained unchanged. PCA supported a shift in biomarker networks toward a non-inflamed profile. These findings indicate that OSEE exerts coordinated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo that are strongly associated with its phenolic composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31061012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:10:04Z","timestamp":1773825004000},"page":"1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-Grain Oryza sativa L. Flour Extract Exhibits Potent Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Rats with Experimentally Induced Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ioana","family":"Feren\u021biu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8959-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiberia Ioana","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9052-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Elena","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meda Sandra","family":"Or\u0103san","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8244-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinu","family":"Bolundu\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, \u201cIon Chiricu\u021b\u0103\u201d Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Ranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciprian Ovidiu","family":"Dalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"\u021aicolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anca Elena","family":"But","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia Oxana","family":"Usatiuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261874","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.261874","article-title":"Antioxidant Extract of Black Rice Prevents Renal Dysfunction and Renal Fibrosis Caused by Ethanol-Induced Toxicity","volume":"82","author":"Alnamshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. 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