{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:46:58Z","timestamp":1792180018146,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FZNE-2024-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNE-2024-0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a cascade of molecular and cellular reactions leading to long-term disturbances of neuronal and glial homeostasis. One of the key mechanisms of secondary injury is a pathological increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Parvalbumin (PV) plays an important role in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in neurons. In turn, connexin 43 (Cx43) is the principal protein of astrocytic gap junctions (GJs), which ensure neuroglial communication. The spatiotemporal changes in these proteins and the mechanisms of their interaction after TBI remain insufficiently studied. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the expression, localization, and spatial organization of PV and Cx43 in the cerebral cortex following TBI was performed. In intact tissue, PV was localized predominantly in neurons, whereas Cx43 formed typical punctate structures of astrocytic GJs. Twenty-four hours after TBI, a sharp activation of PV with pronounced nuclear translocation was observed against the background of a catastrophic decrease in Cx43 expression, accompanied by a reduction in the number of NeuN+ neurons and signs of apoptosis. However, after 7 days, a mirror-opposite effect was detected, characterized by decreased PV expression and increased Cx43 levels with its aggregation into cluster-like structures, as well as partial restoration of NeuN immunoreactivity. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the stability of the PV\u2013Cx43 complex is determined by the presence of Ca2+ and physiological pH, whereas acidosis and Ca2+ overload destabilize their interaction. Taken together, these results reveal a phase-dependent mirror-opposite pattern of PV and Cx43 expression and localization and emphasize the key role of Ca2+- and pH-dependent neuroglial interactions in TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31061018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:12:26Z","timestamp":1773853946000},"page":"1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mirror Effect of Parvalbumin and Connexin 43 Expression in the Acute and Subacute Phases After Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury Reveals a Non-Canonical Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Kit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u201cNational Medical Research Center of Oncology\u201d Russian Federation, 14th Line St., 63, Rostov-on-Don 344037, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4703-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniya","family":"Kirichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4349-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Bachurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0685-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozaliia","family":"Nabiullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chizaram","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8061-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Sakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Institution \u201cNational Medical Research Center of Oncology\u201d Russian Federation, 14th Line St., 63, Rostov-on-Don 344037, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav","family":"Rodkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cMedical Digital Images Based on the Basic Model\u201d, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don 344000, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-01005-z","article-title":"Long-Term Trends in the Epidemiology of Major Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"46","author":"Kureshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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