{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:34:53Z","timestamp":1787315693607,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":341,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Boron is a chemically distinctive bioelement whose electron-deficient structure enables reversible coordination with oxygen-rich functional groups such as diols and hydroxyls. This property allows boron to modulate molecular stability, conformation, and biological reactivity, giving rise to both beneficial pharmacological effects and toxicological outcomes. This review examines the dual biological role of boron through the framework of bioactive boron-containing natural products and natural compounds capable of forming reversible boron complexes. Particular attention is given to naturally occurring boron-containing antibiotics, including the polyketide macrodiolides boromycin, aplasmomycin, tartrolons, and hyaboron, where boron plays a direct structural and functional role in antimicrobial activity. These compounds demonstrate how boron coordination can influence ion transport, membrane interactions, and molecular assembly, contributing to potent antibacterial properties. Beyond intrinsically boron-containing metabolites, many natural antibiotics and toxins possess oxygen-rich architectures capable of forming transient borate complexes through vicinal 1,2-diol motifs. Examples include polyene macrolide antibiotics such as amphotericin B, fungichromin, and nystatin, as well as tetracyclines, rifamycins, and macrolides such as sorangicin A, where boron coordination may affect solubility, aggregation, ionophoric behavior, and biological selectivity. Similar chemistry is observed in marine neurotoxins and polyether toxins\u2014including tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin derivatives, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, ciguatoxins, and gambierones\u2014whose hydroxyl-rich frameworks enable reversible interactions with boron species present in seawater. Such complexation may enhance aqueous stability and contribute to trophic transfer and bioaccumulation within marine ecosystems. By framing boron as a molecular \u201cdouble edge,\u201d this review integrates chemical, biological, and environmental perspectives to highlight how boron coordination can simultaneously enhance antimicrobial activity while influencing toxicity and ecological persistence. Recognizing the role of boron in shaping the activity of natural products provides new insight into antibiotic function, toxin behavior, and the broader impact of boron chemistry in biological systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31061021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:12:26Z","timestamp":1773853946000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Boron\u2019s Double Edge\u2014Antibiotics, Toxins, and the Fine Line Between Them"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valery M.","family":"Dembitsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Pharm Laboratories, 23615 El Toro Rd X, Lake Forest, CA 92630, USA"},{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8018-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander O.","family":"Terent'ev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Baranin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion Romulus","family":"Scorei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dun\u0103rii Street, 207465 Podari, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4156","DOI":"10.1021\/cr608202m","article-title":"Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors","volume":"112","author":"Smoum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ali, H.A., Dembitsky, V.M., and Srebnik, M. (2005). Contemporary Aspects of Boron: Chemistry and Biological Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, F., S Hosmane, N., and Zhu, Y. (2020). Boron chemistry for medical applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25040828"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"244","article-title":"Recent chemistry of the diboron compounds-IV Concluding remarks","volume":"51","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Organometal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.5c00238","article-title":"Recent development of boron-containing small-molecule anticancer agents","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"333","article-title":"Electro-chemical researches, on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia","volume":"98","author":"Davy","year":"1808","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"167","article-title":"Sur la d\u00e9composition et la recomposition de l\u2019acide boracique","volume":"68","year":"1808","journal-title":"Ann. Chim. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/vjch.202400208","article-title":"Boronolipids","volume":"63","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dembitsky, V.M., Zanfira, V.M., and Rozenberg, G.S. (2023). The Evolutionary Pathway to the Biomembrane: The Role of Low Molecular Weight Polyols in the Formation of the Protomembrane, Editorial & Publishing Department IEVRB RAS."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-012-9269-2","article-title":"Is boron a prebiotic element? A mini-review of the essentiality of boron for the appearance of life on Earth","volume":"42","author":"Scorei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10550","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202010616","article-title":"Boron in prebiological evolution","volume":"133","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202413768","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202413768","article-title":"Carbon- and nitrogen-based complexes as photocatalysts for prebiotic and oxygen chemistry during Earth evolution","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2022.0077","article-title":"Boron as a hypothetical participant in prebiological enantiomeric enrichment","volume":"23","author":"Franco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratt, B.R. (1995). The origin, biota and evolution of deep-water mud-mounds. Carbonate Mud-Mounds: Their Origin and Evolution, IAS. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 23.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444304114.ch3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2007.79","article-title":"The emergence of life on Earth","volume":"20","author":"Schulte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/35059210","article-title":"The habitat and nature of early life","volume":"409","author":"Nisbet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembitsky, V.M., Terent\u2019ev, A.O., and Baranin, S.V. (2026). Life with boron: Microbial boron-binding siderophores, adaptation, and function. Microbiol. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres17030057"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"100109","article-title":"Geology, environment, and life in the deepest part of the world\u2019s oceans","volume":"2","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-025-00275-8","article-title":"Challenges of Hydrogen Evolution in Seawater Electrolysis: The Role of Chlorine Evolution","volume":"9","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Electrochem. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2026.125198","article-title":"Brick-and-cement structured polyamide membranes enabling to selectively separate boron from brackish water and real seawater permeate","volume":"744","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2014.08.009","article-title":"Determination of dissolved iron in seawater: A historical review","volume":"166","author":"Worsfold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)01091-1","article-title":"Determination of iron in seawater","volume":"442","author":"Achterberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19375","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR03521A","article-title":"A universal descriptor based on pz-orbitals for the catalytic activity of multi-doped carbon bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15804","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC03778B","article-title":"Introduction of the \u2013B(OH)2 group into a graphene motif for pz orbital removal and ferromagnetic modulation","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/vjch.70013","article-title":"Aromatic compounds and their fascinating boron complexes as potential quorum sensing molecules","volume":"63","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.04.015","article-title":"Boric acid, a Lewis acid with unique and unusual properties: Formulation implications","volume":"109","author":"Lopalco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2016.05.011","article-title":"Observations and measurements of boric acid precipitation scenarios","volume":"91","author":"Vaghetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-0909","article-title":"Boric acid: A simple molecule of physiologic, therapeutic and prebiotic significance","volume":"87","author":"Kose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-009-9191-4","article-title":"Boron and marine life: A new look at an enigmatic bioelement","volume":"11","author":"Carrano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kochkodan, V., Darwish, N.B., and Hilal, N. (2015). The chemistry of boron in water. Boron Separation Processes, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63454-2.00002-2"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Fascinating and intriguing biomolecules: The chemistry of boron complexes with carbohydrates, glycolipids, and steroids","volume":"63","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.2174\/18715206113139990124","article-title":"Sugar\u2013borate esters\u2014Potential chemical agents in prostate cancer chemoprevention","volume":"13","author":"Scorei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1550-4","article-title":"The fructoborates: Part of a family of naturally occurring sugar\u2013borate complexes\u2014Biochemistry, physiology, and impact on human health: A review","volume":"188","author":"Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-8972-6","article-title":"Calcium fructoborate\u2014Potential anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"143","author":"Scorei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muteeb, G., Rehman, M.T., Shahwan, M., and Aatif, M. (2023). Origin of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, and their impacts on drug development: A narrative review. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1921.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo7793","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo7793","article-title":"The past, present, and future of antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01410-1","article-title":"Natural antibiotics against antimicrobial resistance: Sources and bioinspired delivery systems","volume":"55","author":"Guedes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2616.401-b","article-title":"Salvarsan (\u201c606\u201d)","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"1911","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2012.664099","article-title":"History of antibiotics: From salvarsan to cephalosporins","volume":"25","author":"Zaffiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4065\/74.3.290","article-title":"The penicillins","volume":"74","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197601040-00004","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of the penicillins in man","volume":"1","author":"Barza","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaf234","article-title":"From gonorrhea to gangrene: The real story behind penicillin allocation during World War II","volume":"191","author":"Eagan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"51","article-title":"History of antibiotics","volume":"1","author":"Kourkouta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sumerian J. Med. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1947.12017635","article-title":"What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?","volume":"39","author":"Waksman","year":"1947","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"202","article-title":"Antibiotics\u201420 years later","volume":"37","author":"Waksman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"417","article-title":"Antibiotics and chemotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Waksman","year":"1953","journal-title":"Calif. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13948","article-title":"The future of antibiotics","volume":"18","author":"Spellberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2006.06.007","article-title":"Antibiotics\u2014Past, present, and future","volume":"90","author":"Khardori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00174-7","article-title":"Natural occurrence of boron-containing compounds in plants, algae and microorganisms","volume":"163","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100093b","article-title":"Natural and synthetic small boron-containing molecules as potential inhibitors of bacterial and fungal quorum sensing","volume":"111","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"147","article-title":"Naturally occurring boron-containing compounds and their biological activities","volume":"3","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod. Resour."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15192","article-title":"Complexity of fungal polyketide biosynthesis and function","volume":"121","author":"Stroe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6416","DOI":"10.1021\/jo9012089","article-title":"Structures and mechanisms of polyketide synthases","volume":"74","author":"Khosla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.05.006","article-title":"Polyketide pesticides from actinomycetes","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300386","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202300386","article-title":"Current state-of-the-art toward chemoenzymatic synthesis of polyketide natural products","volume":"24","author":"Paulsel","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0301189","article-title":"Genetic approaches to polyketide antibiotics. 1","volume":"105","author":"McDaniel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.47.100193.004303","article-title":"Polyketide synthesis: Prospects for hybrid antibiotics","volume":"47","author":"Katz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19670500612","article-title":"Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 57. Mitteilung. Boromycin","volume":"50","author":"Prelog","year":"1967","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19710540624","article-title":"Structure of boromycin","volume":"54","author":"Dunitz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00326a010","article-title":"Biosynthesis of boromycin","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e202500191","article-title":"From Utility to Toxicity: Managing Metalloid Pollution Through Innovative Remediation Technologies","volume":"25","author":"Davamani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6243","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00410a056","article-title":"Total synthesis and stereochemical identity of the C18H32O5 degradation product from boromycin","volume":"103","author":"Hanessian","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60.1036","article-title":"Boromycin, an anti-HIV antibiotic","volume":"60","author":"Kohno","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Carvalho, L.P., Groeger-Otero, S., Kreidenweiss, A., Kremsner, P.G., Mordm\u00fcller, B., and Held, J. (2022). Boromycin has rapid-onset antibiotic activity against asexual and sexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.802294"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"202","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the pharmacological, therapeutic, and toxicological properties of boric acid and other boron-containing compounds: Current landscape and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Yunusoglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01128-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01278-20","article-title":"Boromycin has potent anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Cryptosporidium activity","volume":"65","author":"Abenoja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.38.1444","article-title":"Components of the boromycin fermentation: N-Acetylboromycin and N-formylboromycin","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konaklieva, M.I., and Plotkin, B.J. (2024). Activity of organoboron compounds against biofilm-forming pathogens. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100929"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00663","article-title":"The rise of boron-containing compounds: Advancements in synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and emerging pharmacology","volume":"124","author":"Grams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014428713997","article-title":"The effect of boromycin on Ca2+ homeostasis","volume":"231","author":"Kaiserova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1021\/bi002181n","article-title":"Bleomycin-induced alterations in DNA replication: Relationship to DNA damage","volume":"40","author":"Dziegielewski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"591","article-title":"Investigation of antimicrobial and antifungal effects of some boron compounds","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bitlis Eren Univ. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00409681","article-title":"Metabolic products of microorganisms. 77. Information studies on the mechanism of action of boromycin","volume":"67","author":"Pache","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelgeh, T., Wamp, S., Rothe, P., Herrmann, J., Fischer, M.A., M\u00fcller, R., and Halbedel, S. (2025). ClpP2 proteasomes and SpxA1 determine Listeria monocytogenes tartrolon B hyper-resistance. PLoS Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011621"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.47495\/okufbed.1652386","article-title":"Bitkilerde Bor Toksisitesi ve Bor Tolerans\u0131","volume":"9","author":"Bildiren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Osman. Korkut Ata \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilim. Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Derg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-5995(08)80018-X","article-title":"Biologically active compounds of semi-metals","volume":"Volume 35","author":"Sigler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00091a042","article-title":"Structure and biosynthesis of borophycin, a new Boeseken complex of boric acid from a marine strain of the blue-green alga Nostoc linckia","volume":"59","author":"Hemscheidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931419","article-title":"Metabolites produced by nitrogen-fixing Nostoc species","volume":"50","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2006.01.010","article-title":"Diversity of the fatty acids of Nostoc species and their statistical analysis","volume":"162","author":"Temina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931279","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of six freshwater wild cyanobacterial species","volume":"48","author":"Dor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.29.1019","article-title":"Studies on marine microorganisms. V. A new antibiotic, aplasmomycin, produced by a streptomycete isolated from shallow sea mud","volume":"29","author":"Okami","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198254101951","article-title":"Potential use of marine microorganisms for antibiotics and enzyme production","volume":"54","author":"Okami","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.31.632","article-title":"New antibiotics, aplasmomycins B and C","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5426","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00252a019","article-title":"Further studies on the biosynthesis of the boron-containing antibiotic aplasmomycin","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.30.714","article-title":"Structure of aplasmomycin","volume":"30","author":"Nakamura","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00513a060","article-title":"Biosynthesis of the boron-containing macrodiolide antibiotic aplasmomycin","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1446","article-title":"Novel antibiotics from marine sources","volume":"4","author":"Doshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00021a001","article-title":"Chemical studies of marine bacteria: Developing a new resource","volume":"93","author":"Fenical","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(08)70223-5","article-title":"Marine microorganisms as a source of new natural products","volume":"43","author":"Bernan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.33.1316","article-title":"Biosynthesis of the boron-containing antibiotic aplasmomycin: Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of aplasmomycin and desboroaplasmomycin","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Stout, T.J. (1992). Structural Studies of Bioactive Marine Natural Products. [Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University]."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)80865-6","article-title":"Aplasmomycin C: Structural studies of a marine antibiotic","volume":"47","author":"Stout","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00405a044","article-title":"Biosynthesis of the boron-containing macrolide antibiotic aplasmomycin by Streptomyces griseus","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8105","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00285a047","article-title":"Total synthesis of (+)-aplasmomycin","volume":"108","author":"White","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6818","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00388a074","article-title":"Total synthesis of aplasmomycin","volume":"104","author":"Corey","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00659","article-title":"Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by hyaboron, a new asymmetric boron-containing macrodiolide from the myxobacterium Hyalangium minutum","volume":"13","author":"Surup","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NP00062A","article-title":"Recent advances in discovery and biosynthesis of natural products from myxobacteria: An overview from 2017 to 2023","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10649-024-10373-x","article-title":"Mathematical induction in education research: A systematic review","volume":"119","author":"Arnesen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Stud. Math."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(96)00154-5","article-title":"A calculational approach to mathematical induction","volume":"179","author":"Doornbos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2026.123190","article-title":"Mathematical guarantees for trust region policy optimization","volume":"740","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Gerth, K., Perlova, O., and M\u00fcller, R. (2007). Sorangium\u00a0cellulosum. Myxobacteria: Multicellularity and Differentiation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.48.26","article-title":"The tartrolons, new boron-containing antibiotics from a myxobacterium, Sorangium cellulosum","volume":"48","author":"Irschik","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1021\/jo035391p","article-title":"Total synthesis of the boron-containing ion carrier antibiotic macrodiolide tartrolon B","volume":"69","author":"Mulzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213892110","article-title":"Boronated tartrolon antibiotic produced by symbiotic cellulose-degrading bacteria in shipworm gills","volume":"110","author":"Elshahawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, L., Dong, Y., Zhou, H., and Cui, H. (2023). Effect of post\u2013polyketide synthase modification groups on property and activity of polyene macrolides. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010119"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1128\/br.37.2.166-196.1973","article-title":"Chemistry and biology of the polyene macrolide antibiotics","volume":"37","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haro-Reyes, T., D\u00edaz-Peralta, L., Galv\u00e1n-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Fragoso, L., and Ortega-Blake, I. (2022). Polyene antibiotics: Physical chemistry and their effect on lipid membranes impacting biological processes and medical applications. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12070681"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobek, J., Filipov\u00e1, E., Bergman, N., \u010cih\u00e1k, M., Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dek, M., Lara, A.C., and Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, K. (2022). Polyenic antibiotics and other antifungal compounds produced by hemolytic Streptomyces species. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315045"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caffrey, P., Hogan, M., and Song, Y. (2022). New glycosylated polyene macrolides: Refining the ore from genome mining. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030334"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070363222130047","article-title":"Polyfunctional drugs: Search, development, use in medical practice, and environmental aspects of preparation and application (Review)","volume":"92","author":"Belakhov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Gen. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)33843-3","article-title":"Current status of griseofulvin and amphotericin B","volume":"45","author":"Sternberg","year":"1961","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(58)90297-3","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis and its treatment with amphotericin B","volume":"24","author":"Littman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1039\/b820743g","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of amphotericin B derivatives","volume":"27","author":"Volmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(68)90075-2","article-title":"Treatment of disseminated mycotic infections: A new approach to amphotericin B therapy","volume":"45","author":"Drutz","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00223-0","article-title":"Deuterium NMR investigation of an amphotericin B derivative in mechanically aligned lipid bilayers","volume":"1463","author":"Hing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"914","article-title":"Amphotericin B: 50 years of chemistry and biochemistry","volume":"2006","author":"Cereghetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/28.suppl_B.27","article-title":"Amphotericin B: An introduction","volume":"28","author":"Warnock","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/ssu.2980010407","article-title":"Hyperthermia for cancer: A practical perspective","volume":"1","author":"Moffat","year":"1985","journal-title":"Semin. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1984.tb08554.x","article-title":"The effect of desamino-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) and naloxone infusions on factor VIII and endothelial cell-related activities","volume":"57","author":"Moffat","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.48.6.1049","article-title":"Nystatin binding by protoplasts and a particulate fraction of Neurospora crassa: Basis for selective toxicity of polyene antifungal antibiotics","volume":"48","author":"Kinsky","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottlieb, D., and Shaw, P.D. (1967). Polyene antibiotics. Antibiotics, Volume I: Mechanism of Action, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-38439-8"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/52.2.138","article-title":"Amphotericin B and other polyenic antifungal antibiotics","volume":"52","author":"Lampen","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(02)00581-3","article-title":"Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of amphotericin B\u2013cholesterol\/ergosterol membrane channels","volume":"1567","author":"Baginski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117280109","article-title":"Amphotericin primarily kills yeast by simply binding ergosterol","volume":"109","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(96)02652-7","article-title":"The effect of aggregation state of amphotericin B on its interactions with cholesterol- or ergosterol-containing phosphatidylcholine monolayers","volume":"85","author":"Barwicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(82)90103-1","article-title":"Equilibrium binding of amphotericin B and its methyl ester and borate complex to sterols","volume":"685","author":"Readio","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360210216","article-title":"Borate complexes of amphotericin B: Polymeric species and aggregates in aqueous solutions","volume":"21","author":"Strauss","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.31.257","article-title":"A biologically active borate derivative of amphotericin B soluble in saline solution","volume":"31","author":"Kral","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00251-4","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel water-soluble amphotericin B\u2013arabinogalactan conjugates","volume":"23","author":"Azzam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00485","article-title":"Formulation strategies to overcome amphotericin B-induced toxicity","volume":"21","author":"Dash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Kral, F. (1975). A Water-Soluble Borate Derivative of Amphotericin B: Properties and Interaction with Cholesterol. [Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers\u2014The State University of New Jersey]."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1023522","article-title":"Antifungal activity of amphotericin B conjugated to carbon nanotubes","volume":"5","author":"Benincasa","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.4.767","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of amphotericin B lipid complex: Are phospholipases important?","volume":"42","author":"Swenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fungicidal efficacy of green-synthesized organosolv lignin-capped silver-based nanoparticles against amphotericin B-resistant Candida tropicalis","volume":"72","author":"Fernandes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00417-1","article-title":"Amphotericin B toxicity and lethality: A tale of two channels","volume":"162","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3109\/08982109309150727","article-title":"How does amphotericin B work? Studies on model membrane systems","volume":"3","author":"Hartsel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-010-9313-y","article-title":"Amphotericin B membrane action: Role for two types of ion channels in eliciting cell survival and lethal effects","volume":"238","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.08.005","article-title":"The value of amphotericin B in the treatment of invasive fungal infections","volume":"26","author":"Klepser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7","article-title":"Sixty years of amphotericin B: An overview of the main antifungal agent used to treat invasive fungal infections","volume":"10","author":"Cavassin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1086\/516353","article-title":"Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases","volume":"26","author":"Walsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinosoglou, K., Rigopoulos, E.A., Papageorgiou, D., Schinas, G., Polyzou, E., Dimopoulou, E., and Dimopoulos, G. (2024). Amphotericin B in the era of new antifungals: Where will it stand?. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10040278"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, L.L., Freire, M.L., Troian, I.L., Morais-Teixeira, E.D., and Cota, G. (2024). Local amphotericin B therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012127"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90001-0","article-title":"Mechanism of action of amphotericin B on Leishmania donovani promastigotes","volume":"19","author":"Saha","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0171","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"83","author":"Wortmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600820209","article-title":"Effect of aggregation on the kinetics of autoxidation of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B","volume":"82","author":"Teresa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Wang, P. (2014). Synthesis and Cross-Coupling of Organoborane Building Blocks Inspired by Amphotericin B. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign]."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"423","article-title":"Two antifungal agents produced by a soil actinomycete","volume":"112","author":"Hazen","year":"1950","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(00)00120-4","article-title":"Biosynthesis of the polyene antifungal antibiotic nystatin in Streptomyces noursei ATCC 11455: Analysis of the gene cluster and deduction of the biosynthetic pathway","volume":"7","author":"Brautaset","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1802-4","article-title":"Biosynthesis of the polyene macrolide antibiotic nystatin in Streptomyces noursei","volume":"67","author":"Zotchev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.108.1.69-73.1971","article-title":"Nystatin-resistant mutants of yeast: Alterations in sterol content","volume":"108","author":"Woods","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.044883","article-title":"Cholesterol and ergosterol influence nystatin surface aggregation: Relation to pore formation","volume":"87","author":"Coutinho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.075408","article-title":"Competitive binding of cholesterol and ergosterol to the polyene antibiotic nystatin: A fluorescence study","volume":"90","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil, J., Solis, M., Higa, A., and Davis, S.C. (2022). Candida albicans infections: A novel porcine wound model to evaluate treatment efficacy. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02460-x"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, A., Misra, S.R., Panda, S., Sokolowski, G., Mishra, L., Das, R., and Lapinska, B. (2022). Nystatin effectiveness in oral candidiasis treatment: A Systematic review & meta-analysis of clinical trials. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111677"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Chambers, H.F. (2006). General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Goodman & Gilman\u2019s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galg\u00f3czy, L. (2026). Structural barriers to antifungal drug development. Front. Cell. Infection Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1797104"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"488","article-title":"Nystatin LF (Aronex\/Abbott)","volume":"2","author":"Arikan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f8adab","article-title":"Fungal prophylaxis in very low birth weight neonates: Nystatin, fluconazole or nothing?","volume":"21","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-1183-5","article-title":"Polyene antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters","volume":"61","author":"Aparicio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7474-z","article-title":"Polyene macrolide biosynthesis in streptomycetes and related bacteria: Recent advances from genome sequencing and experimental studies","volume":"100","author":"Caffrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867033368448","article-title":"Polyene macrolide antibiotics and their applications in human therapy","volume":"10","author":"Zotchev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.11.006","article-title":"Unexpected applications of secondary metabolites","volume":"29","author":"Vaishnav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.21307\/pjm-2018-048","article-title":"Secondary metabolites of actinomycetes and their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties","volume":"67","author":"Guspiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres13030031","article-title":"Streptomyces: Still the biggest producer of new natural secondary metabolites\u2014A current perspective","volume":"13","author":"Donald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2010.78","article-title":"Carbon source regulation of antibiotic production","volume":"63","author":"Forero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23383","article-title":"Oral passive IgY-based immunotherapeutics: A novel solution for prevention and treatment of alimentary tract diseases","volume":"9","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108185","article-title":"Crystal structure of cytochrome P450 NysL and the structural basis for stereo-and regio-selective oxidation of antifungal macrolides","volume":"301","author":"Murarka","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/synbio1030015","article-title":"Impact of nitrogen-containing compounds on secondary metabolism in Streptomyces spp.\u2014A source of metabolic engineering strategies","volume":"1","author":"Krysenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"SynBio"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.41.1289","article-title":"The structure of nystatin A3, a component of the nystatin complex","volume":"41","author":"Zielinski","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB00454H","article-title":"A tumor-responsive self-healing prodrug hydrogel enables synergistic action of doxorubicin and miltefosine for focal combination chemotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10996-z","article-title":"Fungichromin production by Streptomyces sp. WP-1, an endophyte from Pinus dabeshanensis, and its antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum","volume":"104","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400888","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202400888","article-title":"Streptomyces endophytes in edible plants: New insights into their chemistry and health benefits","volume":"21","author":"Moussa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matio Kemkuignou, B., Haahr, M., Maleckis, M., and Ding, L. (2026). Discovery and biosynthesis of antifungal microbial secondary metabolites. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., e00075-25.","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00075-25"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Lan, X., Jia, R., Hu, L., and Wang, Y. (2022). Response surface methodology-mediated optimization of medium components for mycelial growth and metabolite production of Streptomyces alfalfae XN-04. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091854"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12672-4","article-title":"Enhancement of fungichromin production of Streptomyces sp. WP-1 by genetic engineering","volume":"107","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00217a041","article-title":"Biosynthesis and full NMR assignment of fungichromin, a polyene antibiotic from Streptomyces cellulose","volume":"110","author":"Noguchi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.40.7","article-title":"The sorangicins, novel and powerful inhibitors of eubacterial RNA polymerase isolated from myxobacteria","volume":"40","author":"Irschik","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)95117-7","article-title":"Isolation and spectroscopic structure elucidation of sorangicin A, a new type of macrolide\u2013polyether antibiotic from gliding bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Jansen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02672-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02672-22","article-title":"Natural products lysobactin and sorangicin A show in vitro activity against Mycobacterium abscessus complex","volume":"10","author":"Sullivan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/jlac.1995199505125","article-title":"Antibiotics from gliding bacteria, LXIV. Isolation and structure elucidation of sorangiolides A and B, novel macrocyclic lactone carboxylic acids from Sorangium cellulosum","volume":"5","author":"Jansen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Liebigs Ann."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050003","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0186808","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Chondromyces spp. isolated from Indonesian mangrove","volume":"Volume 2972","author":"Octaviana","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graspeuntner, S., Koethke, K., Scholz, C., Semmler, L., Lupatsii, M., Kirchhoff, L., and Rupp, J. (2023). Sorangicin A is active against Chlamydia in cell culture, explanted fallopian tubes, and topical in vivo treatment. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050795"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.202001493","article-title":"Boron reagents and catalysts for the functionalization of strained heterocycles","volume":"363","author":"Pineschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00286-0","article-title":"Structural mechanism for rifampicin inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase","volume":"104","author":"Campbell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1128","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0017-2019","article-title":"Inhibition of RNA polymerase by rifampicin and rifamycin-like molecules","volume":"9","author":"Mosaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.61.2.667","article-title":"Interaction of rifamycin with bacterial RNA polymerase","volume":"61","author":"Wehrli","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2009.10.010","article-title":"Structures of RNA polymerase\u2013antibiotic complexes","volume":"19","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2014.107","article-title":"Resistance to rifampicin: A review","volume":"67","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342090-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions with rifampicin: Clinical relevance","volume":"42","author":"Niemi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/10826079708013660","article-title":"Evaluation of a new macrocyclic antibiotic as a chiral selector for use in capillary electrophoresis","volume":"20","author":"Sharp","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402340200","article-title":"PI factor, a novel quorum-sensing inducer, elicits pimaricin production in Streptomyces natalensis","volume":"279","author":"Recio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(98)00061-2","article-title":"Chiral analysis by capillary electrophoresis using antibiotics as chiral selectors","volume":"807","author":"Desiderio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.73.5.629","article-title":"The production of bactericidal substances by aerobic sporulating bacilli","volume":"78","author":"Dubos","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1946.tb31756.x","article-title":"Production of antibiotic substances by actinomycetes","volume":"48","author":"Waksman","year":"1946","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1948.tb27262.x","article-title":"Aureomycin: A product of the continuing search for new antibiotics","volume":"51","author":"Duggar","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1126\/science.111.2874.85.a","article-title":"Terramycin, a new antibiotic","volume":"111","author":"Finlay","year":"1950","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x","article-title":"The history of the tetracyclines","volume":"1241","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025387","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025387","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics and resistance","volume":"6","author":"Grossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2013-0292","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics and resistance mechanisms","volume":"395","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmicom.2025.105059","article-title":"Tetracyclines, the old and the new: A narrative review","volume":"2","author":"Pearson","year":"2025","journal-title":"CMI Commun."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semenova, Y., Makalkina, L., Glushkova, N., and Gaipov, A. (2025). Tetracyclines in the modern era: Global consumption, antimicrobial resistance, environmental occurrence, and degradation techniques. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121183"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30039-6","article-title":"Tetracyclines","volume":"79","author":"Klein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2174\/138955712798868977","article-title":"Tetracyclines: Drugs with huge therapeutic potential","volume":"12","author":"Bahrami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31461-4","article-title":"The tetracyclines","volume":"66","author":"Cunha","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150181233","article-title":"Analysis of antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"18","author":"Flurer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/78.6.1369","article-title":"Determination of tetracycline residues in bovine milk, serum, and urine by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200600614","article-title":"Determination of tetracycline residues in honey by capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detection","volume":"28","author":"Busi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00152-1","article-title":"Capillary electrophoresis of tetracycline antibiotics coupled with reductive fast cyclic voltammetric detection","volume":"839","author":"Zhou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13728","article-title":"Recent methods for discovering novel bioactive metabolites, specifically antimicrobial agents, from marine-associated microorganisms","volume":"75","author":"Sedeek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarden, O. (2014). Fungal association with sessile marine invertebrates. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00228"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-022-01874-y","article-title":"Metabolomics in the study of marine organisms","volume":"18","author":"Bayona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2393276","article-title":"Safety profiles of tetracycline-class drugs: A pharmacovigilance analysis of the FAERS database","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.29252\/IJMR-050305","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of resistance to conventional antibiotics in bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Malmir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2392865","article-title":"Systematic analysis of adverse effects of commonly used clinical tetracycline drugs based on the FAERS database","volume":"24","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopeman, R.C., Harrison, J., Desai, M., and Cox, J.A. (2019). Mycobacterium abscessus: Environmental bacterium turned clinical nightmare. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201901.0273.v1"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1039\/a909079g","article-title":"Polyketide biosynthesis: A millennium review","volume":"18","author":"Staunton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NP00014A","article-title":"Conformation\u2013activity relationships of polyketide natural products","volume":"32","author":"Larsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.105946","article-title":"Antimicrobial spiroketal macrolides and dichloro-diketopiperazine from Micromonospora sp. FIMYZ51","volume":"175","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"E22103155340964","article-title":"Polyene macrolactams from marine Micromonospora sp.","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C., Hassan, S.S.U., Ishaq, M., Yan, S., and Jin, H. (2025). Marine actinomycetes: A hidden treasure trove for antibacterial discovery. Front. Mar. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1558320"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.05.033","article-title":"Boron in seawater and methods for its separation\u2014A review","volume":"261","author":"Kabay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(87)90198-0","article-title":"Boron isotope exchange between seawater and the oceanic crust","volume":"51","author":"Spivack","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004203723343","article-title":"Reactions of boron with soils","volume":"193","author":"Goldberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60752-X","article-title":"Boron in soils and crops","volume":"1","author":"Berger","year":"1949","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"65","article-title":"Boron deficiency in soils and crops: A review","volume":"2012","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Plant"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vera-Maldonado, P., Aquea, F., Reyes-D\u00edaz, M., C\u00e1rcamo-Fincheira, P., Soto-Cerda, B., Nunes-Nesi, A., and Inostroza-Blancheteau, C. (2024). Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1332459"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luch, A. (2010). Toxins from bacteria. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 2\u2013Clinical Toxicology, Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8338-1"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0502.990206","article-title":"Bacterial toxins: Friends or foes?","volume":"5","author":"Schmitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.10.020","article-title":"Toxins and drug discovery","volume":"92","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1204766","article-title":"\u00dcber die Toxine der Diphtherie und des Tetanus","volume":"22","author":"Brieger","year":"1896","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.84.147","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin\u2014A brief history","volume":"84","author":"Narahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6020693","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection","volume":"6","author":"Bane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1081\/TXR-100103081","article-title":"Distribution and origin of tetrodotoxin","volume":"20","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"428","article-title":"Historical review on chemical and medical studies of globefish toxin before World War II","volume":"29","author":"Suehiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Yakushigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0867-60","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin","volume":"217","author":"Fuhrman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2019-0060","article-title":"Marine tetrodotoxin as a risk for human health","volume":"63","author":"Madejska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-06-02104.1992","article-title":"Differential properties of tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"12","author":"Roy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/379257a0","article-title":"A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons","volume":"379","author":"Akopian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.02.115","article-title":"Mechanism of tetrodotoxin block and resistance in sodium channels","volume":"446","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276939","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/276939","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin poisoning due to pufferfish and gastropods, and their intoxication mechanism","volume":"2011","author":"Noguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00171-9","article-title":"Possible source of tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropecten scoparius","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacchiocchi, S., Siracusa, M., Diomedi, G., Mazza, S., Calandri, E., Tavoloni, T., and Barchiesi, F. (2025). Survey of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in gastropods, sea urchins, and blue crabs from the Adriatic Sea: First report in Paracentrotus lividus. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14234036"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magarlamov, T.Y., Melnikova, D.I., and Chernyshev, A.V. (2017). Tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria: Detection, distribution and migration of the toxin in aquatic systems. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9050166"},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"793","article-title":"Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin","volume":"50","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.07.021","article-title":"Two novel species of tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria isolated from toxic marine puffer fishes","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3354\/meps045303","article-title":"Accumulation of tetrodotoxin in marine sediment","volume":"45","author":"Kogure","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.11.3934-3937.1993","article-title":"Presence of tetrodotoxin and tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria in freshwater sediments","volume":"59","author":"Do","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347526","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin in sinking particles from coastal waters","volume":"118","author":"Hamasaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102740","article-title":"Seawater fish use an electrogenic boric acid transporter Slc4a11A for boric acid excretion by the kidney","volume":"299","author":"Kato","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16060260","article-title":"Tetrodotoxin derivatization with a newly designed boron reagent enables reversed-phase liquid chromatography","volume":"16","author":"Kawasue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_251","unstructured":"Beach, D., Kerrin, E., McCarron, P., Kilcoyne, J., Giddings, S., Waaler, T., and Miles, C. (2020). Boronate techniques for clean-up and concentration of vicinal-diol-containing tetrodotoxins from shellfish. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Harmful Algae, ISSHA."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, H., Shang, X., Zhu, H., Huang, N., Wang, L., and Sun, M. (2025). Saxitoxin: A comprehensive review of its history, structure, toxicology, biosynthesis, detection, and preventive implications. Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23070277"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1039\/b501296c","article-title":"Saxitoxin, a toxic marine natural product that targets a multitude of receptors","volume":"23","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201308235","article-title":"Saxitoxin","volume":"53","author":"Thottumkara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3390\/md8072185","article-title":"Neurotoxic alkaloids: Saxitoxin and its analogs","volume":"8","author":"Wiese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bui, Q.T.N., Pradhan, B., Kim, H.S., and Ki, J.S. (2024). Environmental factors modulate saxitoxins (STXs) production in toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium: An updated review of STXs and synthesis gene aspects. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16050210"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.05.003","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms and public health","volume":"57","author":"Grattan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/20026491051695","article-title":"The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms","volume":"10","author":"Landsberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-003-0074-9","article-title":"Harmful algal blooms: Causes, impacts and detection","volume":"30","author":"Sellner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1134\/S106193482570114X","article-title":"Methods for Determining Saxitoxin and Ricin: A Review","volume":"80","author":"Kovalenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch, S.C., and Harwood, D.T. (2025). Past, current and future techniques for monitoring paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalve molluscs. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030105"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2500170","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202500170","article-title":"Macrocycles of saxitoxin: Insights into the structure of zetekitoxin AB","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, G., Batoh, C., and Dam, H.G. (2025). The ghost of predator past: Interaction of past predator exposure and resource availability on toxin retention and cell growth in a dinoflagellate. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060290"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Bravo, S.G., Soriano-Mar, J., P\u00e1ramo-Garc\u00eda, U., Aguilera-V\u00e1zquez, L., Mart\u00ednez-C\u00e1rdenas, L., D\u00e1vila-Camacho, C.A., and Casta\u00f1eda-Ch\u00e1vez, M.D.R. (2025). Physicochemical and sediment characterization of El Conejo Lagoon in Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Earth, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/earth6030083"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127125","article-title":"Unravelling the toxicity mechanisms of polystyrene nanoplastics on physiological and transcriptomic responses of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum","volume":"385","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063074025700014","article-title":"Phycotoxins of dinoflagellates","volume":"51","author":"Laurinavichene","year":"2025","journal-title":"Russ. J. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2025.102988","article-title":"Why do some dinoflagellates produce toxins, whereas ciliates rarely do?","volume":"128","author":"Calbet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2025.102872","article-title":"Transcriptomic comparison unveils saxitoxin biosynthesis genes in the marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum","volume":"127","author":"Muhammad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123401","article-title":"Unveiling the link between Raphidiopsis raciborskii blooms and saxitoxin levels: Evaluating water quality in tropical reservoirs, Brazil","volume":"344","author":"Chia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2021.102004","article-title":"Saxitoxins from the freshwater cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii can contaminate marine mussels","volume":"103","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-39-5-395.1","article-title":"Geographical patterns of occurrence and composition of saxitoxins in the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) in Australia","volume":"39","author":"Velzeboer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-40-3-305.1","article-title":"Saxitoxins associated with the growth of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) under varying sources and concentrations of nitrogen","volume":"40","author":"Velzeboer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110626","article-title":"Tissue concentrations, trophic transfer and human risks of antibiotics in a freshwater food web in Lake Taihu, China","volume":"197","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020308","article-title":"Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning","volume":"6","author":"Deeds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, K.K., Li, H.Y., and Yang, W.D. (2024). Marine algal toxins and public health: Insights from shellfish and fish, the main biological vectors. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22110510"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/10641269891314294","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalve molluscs: Occurrence, transfer kinetics, and biotransformation","volume":"6","author":"Bricelj","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1986.03615995005000060013x","article-title":"Boron adsorption and silicon release by the clay minerals kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite","volume":"50","author":"Goldberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200375091315","article-title":"Evolving patterns in boron cluster chemistry","volume":"75","author":"Fox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Sun, W., Sun, M., Cui, Y., and Wang, L. (2024). Current research status of azaspiracids. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22020079"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020039","article-title":"Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning: A review on the chemistry, ecology, and toxicology with an emphasis on human health impacts","volume":"6","author":"Twiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twiner, M., Hess, P., and Doucette, G.J. (2014). Azaspiracids: Toxicology, pharmacology, and risk assessment. Seafood and Freshwater Toxins, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16662-28"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1021\/ja981413r","article-title":"Azaspiracid, a new marine toxin having unique spiro ring assemblies, isolated from Irish mussels Mytilus edulis","volume":"120","author":"Satake","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.06.003","article-title":"Characterization of azaspiracids in plankton size fractions and isolation of an azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate from the North Sea","volume":"8","author":"Krock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani, M.E., Accoroni, S., Mezzelani, M., Lugarini, F., Bacchiocchi, S., Siracusa, M., and Gorbi, S. (2019). Biological effects of the azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate Azadinium dexteroporum in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17100595"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.08.011","article-title":"qPCR assays for Amphidomataceae: State of the art and new challenges","volume":"75","author":"Tillmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembitsky, V.M. (2022). Natural polyether ionophores and their pharmacological profile. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20050292"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Wang, H., Chen, K., Guo, Y., Zhou, J., and Xie, W. (2024). Toxicological and pharmacological activities, and potential medical applications, of marine algal toxins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179194"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06782-y","article-title":"Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms: Causes, impacts, and risk management","volume":"235","author":"Igwaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.02.006","article-title":"Morphology, molecular phylogeny and azaspiracid profile of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"55","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040878","article-title":"Marine toxins: Chemistry, toxicity, occurrence and detection, with special reference to the Dutch situation","volume":"2","author":"Gerssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., Heo, J., Han, J., Hong, H.D., Jeon, H., Hwang, H.J., and Baek, K. (2020). Industrial applications of dinoflagellate phycotoxins based on their modes of action: A review. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120805"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144502","article-title":"Bioaccumulations and biotransformations of azaspiracids from Amphidoma languida in the mussel Mytilus edulis","volume":"384","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315415001733","article-title":"Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: Challenges and opportunities in the 21st century","volume":"96","author":"Berdalet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingd."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(01)00058-7","article-title":"Pectenotoxins\u2014An issue for public health: A review of their comparative toxicology and metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Burgess","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06714.x","article-title":"Marine toxins and the cytoskeleton: Pectenotoxins, unusual macrolides that disrupt actin","volume":"275","author":"Rubiolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90068-3","article-title":"Strain-dependent production of ciguatoxin precursors (gambiertoxins) by Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae) in culture","volume":"29","author":"Holmes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D.Z., Xin, Y.H., and Wang, M.H. (2022). Gambierdiscus and its associated toxins: A minireview. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070485"},{"key":"ref_298","first-page":"6649E","article-title":"Characterisation of ciguatoxins","volume":"18","author":"Estevez","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA Support. Publ."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasinszki, T., Lako, J., and Dennis, T.E. (2020). Advances in detecting ciguatoxins in fish. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12080494"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90390-Q","article-title":"Multiple ciguatoxins in the flesh of fish","volume":"30","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3390\/md6030456","article-title":"Ciguatera fish poisoning: Treatment, prevention and management","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, M.P., Brewer, T.D., Johnstone, R., Fleming, L.E., and Lewis, R.J. (2011). Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific Islands (1998\u20132008). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001416"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.1010","article-title":"The chemistry and biological function of natural marine toxins","volume":"1","author":"Yasumoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, M., Cagide, E., and Louzao, M.C. (2007). Gambierol. Phycotoxins: Chemistry and Biochemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470277874.ch1"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tibiri\u00e7\u00e1, C.E.J.D.A., Sibat, M., Fernandes, L.F., Bilien, G., Chom\u00e9rat, N., Hess, P., and Mafra, L.L. (2020). Diversity and toxicity of the genus Coolia Meunier in Brazil, and detection of 44-methylgambierone in Coolia tropicalis. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050327"},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-024-01236-w","article-title":"Time-resolved crystallography of boric acid binding to the active-site serine of the \u03b2-lactamase CTX-M-14 and subsequent 1,2-diol esterification","volume":"7","author":"Prester","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03768-z","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of boron compounds against biofilm-forming pathogens","volume":"202","author":"Celebi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.5b00902","article-title":"Gambierone, a ladder-shaped polyether from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus belizeanus","volume":"17","author":"Alfonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J.S., Finch, S.C., Puddick, J., Rhodes, L.L., Harwood, D.T., van Ginkel, R., and Prinsep, M.R. (2021). Acute toxicity of gambierone and quantitative analysis of gambierones produced by cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13050333"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boente-Juncal, A., \u00c1lvarez, M., Antelo, \u00c1., Rodr\u00edguez, I., Calabro, K., Vale, C., and Botana, L.M. (2019). Structure elucidation and biological evaluation of maitotoxin-3, a homologue of gambierone, from Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020079"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yon, T., Sibat, M., Robert, E., Lhaute, K., Holland, W.C., Litaker, R.W., and R\u00e9veillon, D. (2021). Sulfo-gambierones, two new analogs of gambierone produced by Gambierdiscus excentricus. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19120657"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2019.01.043","article-title":"44-Methylgambierone, a new gambierone analogue isolated from Gambierdiscus australes","volume":"60","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.108154","article-title":"Investigation of 44-methylgambierone reactivity with periodate: Structural reassignment, solvent instability and formation of a furanoid analogue","volume":"251","author":"Mudge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c06440","article-title":"Automatic MS\/MS data-mining strategy for rapid screening of polyether toxins derived from Gambierdiscus species","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Herrera, L.J., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-V\u00e1zquez, E.J., Hern\u00e1ndez-Sandoval, F.E., Cese\u00f1a-Ojeda, D.O., Garc\u00eda-Davis, S., Teles, A., and Tovar-Ram\u00edrez, D. (2024). Morphological, toxicological, and biochemical characterization of two species of Gambierdiscus from Bah\u00eda de La Paz, Gulf of California. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22090422"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)97567-7","article-title":"Structure of viriditoxin, a toxic metabolite of Aspergillus viridinutans","volume":"12","author":"Weisleder","year":"1971","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/15569548309012698","article-title":"Isolation and biological activity of viriditoxin and a viriditoxin variant from Crotalus viridis viridis venoms","volume":"2","author":"Gleason","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1128\/am.26.2.202-205.1973","article-title":"Viriditoxin production by Aspergillus viridinutans and related species","volume":"26","author":"Lillehoj","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05356-w","article-title":"The mycotoxin viriditoxin induces leukemia-and lymphoma-specific apoptosis by targeting mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Stuhldreier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44424","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307625200","article-title":"Discovery of a small molecule that inhibits cell division by blocking FtsZ, a novel therapeutic target of antibiotics","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c01045","article-title":"Identification of a New FtsZ Inhibitor by Virtual Screening, Mechanistic Insights, and Structure\u2013Activity Relationship Analyses","volume":"11","author":"Scoffone","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M., Zhao, C., Li, D., Cao, J., Ju, Z., Kim, E.L., Jung, Y.-S., and Jung, J.H. (2020). Viriditoxin stabilizes microtubule polymers in SK-OV-3 cells and exhibits antimitotic and antimetastatic potential. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18090445"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2659","article-title":"Viriditoxin regulates apoptosis and autophagy via mitotic catastrophe and microtubule formation in human prostate cancer cells","volume":"45","author":"Kundu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_324","unstructured":"Schmitt, L. (2023). Elimination of Chemotherapeutic-Resistant Tumors by Natural Product-Induced Cell Death. [Ph.D. Thesis, HeinrichHeine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf]."},{"key":"ref_325","first-page":"15","article-title":"Ecology of coralline red algae and their fossil evidences from India","volume":"33","author":"Sarkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thalass. Int. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21361","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21361","article-title":"Divergence time estimates and the evolution of major lineages in the florideophyte red algae","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_327","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgel, E. (2012). Fossil Algae: Recent Results and Developments, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Shi, W., Mao, Z., Xie, W., and Wan, G. (2025). Neuroprotective mechanisms of red algae-derived bioactive compounds in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An overview of novel insights. Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23070274"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-026-05049-0","article-title":"Biological and economic advantages of C-Phycocyanin production from red algae (Rhodophyta), yield optimization and sustainability strategies: A systematic review","volume":"252","author":"Pozzuoli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangaraj, M., and Sundaramanickam, A. (2025). Pigments from seaweeds: Green extraction technologies, characterization, and industrial applications. Marine Molecules from Algae and Cyanobacteria, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-21674-9.00012-X"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrobiology1030024","article-title":"Hydrobiological aspects of fatty acids: Unique, rare, and unusual fatty acids incorporated into linear and cyclic lipopeptides and their biological activity","volume":"1","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrobiology"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrobiology1010007","article-title":"Hydrobiological aspects of saturated, methyl-branched, and cyclic fatty acids derived from aquatic ecosystems: Origin, distribution, and biological activity","volume":"1","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrobiology"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(02)00003-6","article-title":"Natural halogenated fatty acids: Their analogues and derivatives","volume":"41","author":"Dembitsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09799-5","article-title":"Algal polysaccharides: Current status and future prospects","volume":"22","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S.Y., Huang, X., and Cheong, K.L. (2017). Recent advances in marine algae polysaccharides: Isolation, structure, and activities. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15120388"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.3390\/md13052967","article-title":"Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barden, H.E., Behnsen, J., Bergmann, U., Leng, M.J., Manning, P.L., Withers, P.J., Wogelius, R.A., and van Dongen, B.E. (2015). Geochemical evidence of the seasonality, affinity and pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138305"},{"key":"ref_338","first-page":"105","article-title":"Upper Jurassic-Lowermost Cretaceous benthic algae from Tethys and the European platform: A case study from Poland","volume":"37","author":"Bucur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Micropaleontol."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19374","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007973107","article-title":"Boron-containing organic pigments from a Jurassic red alga","volume":"107","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13460","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b08191","article-title":"Structure and absolute configuration of Jurassic polyketide-derived spiroborate pigments obtained from microgram quantities","volume":"137","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-019-2369-1","article-title":"Personal account: Heinz Falk\u2019s contributions to geosciences","volume":"150","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Monatshefte Chem.-Chem. Mon."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/6\/1021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:38:43Z","timestamp":1773934723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/6\/1021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":341,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31061021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31061021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]}}}