{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:54:52Z","timestamp":1778212492079,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland","award":["01-30026\/0010494\/01\/322\/322\/0\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-30026\/0010494\/01\/322\/322\/0\/2026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the efficiency and ecotoxicological impact of the Fenton oxidation process with different metal-based catalysts (FeSO4, CuSO4, MnSO4) in removing pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants from real hospital wastewater. All catalytic systems achieved high oxidation, with COD reduction reaching 81\u201389% after 4 h. Two complementary approaches were applied: targeted LC-MS\/MS quantification of a model mixture of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals, and untargeted GC-MS\/MS screening method for assessing the overall organic contaminant profile. Toxicity was assessed using Microtox\u00ae. Targeted analysis showed complete or near-complete degradation of \u03b2-lactams, tetracyclines and most sulfonamides, with slightly lower removal for sulfamethoxazole in FeSO4 system (96%). Fluoroquinolones and selected pharmaceuticals, such as caffeine and propranolol were more resistant, particularly with CuSO4 and MnSO4 catalysts. The untargeted GC-MS\/MS screening revealed the highest overall reduction in chromatographic peak areas for FeSO4 (70%), followed by MnSO4 (39%) and CuSO4 (36%). GC-MS\/MS profiling confirmed that the Fe-catalyzed process was the most effective in reducing the total chromatographic peak area (70%). However, ecotoxicological assays revealed a significant increase in toxicity post-treatment, with growth inhibition of Allivibrio fischeri reaching 98%. This suggests that high oxidation does not directly correlate with biological safety, likely due to the presence of unconsumed reagents or the formation of transformation products with higher acute toxicity. These findings emphasize the necessity of integrating bioassays into treatment evaluation protocols to assess the true environmental risk of treated effluents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31061060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:54:53Z","timestamp":1774281293000},"page":"1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficiency Assessment of Fenton-Based Pre-Treatment of Medical Wastewater Using Fe, Cu, and Mn Catalysts\u2014Impact on the Aquatic Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej R.","family":"Reindl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Tankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9783-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Fiszka Borzyszkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Wolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.08.032","article-title":"Ecotoxicological risk assessment of hospital wastewater: A proposed framework for raw effluents discharging into urban sewer network","volume":"117","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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