{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:30:26Z","timestamp":1789619426871,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2023YFC3504402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023YFC3504402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 82130113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82130113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional sensory evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and medicinal and food homologous products has long relied on human observation of appearance, color, aroma, and taste. However, this approach is highly subjective, difficult to quantify, and often lacks reproducibility across evaluators. Intelligent sensory systems, including the electronic nose, electronic tongue, and machine vision, provide objective and digitized sensory information for TCM quality evaluation. Nevertheless, these platforms generate high-dimensional and heterogeneous datasets, creating a strong demand for efficient artificial intelligence (AI)-based analytical tools. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of machine learning and deep learning methods, such as support vector machine, random forest, convolutional neural network, and long short-term memory networks, for intelligent sensory evaluation of TCM. Particular emphasis is placed on how AI supports feature extraction, pattern recognition, classification, regression, and multisource data fusion across electronic nose, electronic tongue, and machine vision systems. Representative applications in raw material authentication, geographical origin discrimination, processing monitoring, and quality grading are also discussed. In addition, the current challenges related to data standardization, sensor drift, model robustness, and interpretability are highlighted. Overall, this review provides an integrated overview of AI-enabled intelligent sensory technologies and clarifies their potential to advance TCM quality evaluation toward a more objective, efficient, and holistic framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31071140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:53Z","timestamp":1774878113000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Intelligent Sensory Systems for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review of Electronic Nose, Electronic Tongue, and Machine Vision Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jingqiu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Center for Innovation and Research in Regulatory Science, Chengdu 610045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ce","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Germplasm Resources Innovation and Effective Uses Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0270-9","article-title":"Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: Shining from Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. 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