{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:20:27Z","timestamp":1783020027555,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Resilience Facility (RRF) programme of the European Commission","award":["RRF grant No.57\/BMC\/PA (RRF project No.5.2.1.1.i.0\/2\/24\/I\/CFLA\/001)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF grant No.57\/BMC\/PA (RRF project No.5.2.1.1.i.0\/2\/24\/I\/CFLA\/001)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amphiphilic cationic lipids based on the 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) scaffold represent a versatile platform for the development of self-assembling delivery systems. In this work, a series of ten new amphiphilic 1,4-DHP derivatives bearing branched ester substituents at the 3,5-positions and quaternized cationic groups at the 2,6-positions were designed and synthesized. The effect of branched ester chain length and branching on nanoparticle formation was investigated. The self-assembling properties of the synthesized amphiphiles were evaluated by dynamic light scattering using an ethanol injection method. All compounds formed positively charged nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 52 to 439 nm and polydispersity index from 0.194 to 0.452. Amphiphiles 14b\u201317b with 2-hexyldecyl substituents formed smaller particles, with an average diameter below 100 nm. Several derivatives exhibited good stability over a 14-day storage period at room temperature. To clarify structure\u2013property relationships, lipophilicity (AlogP), polar surface area (PSA), and pKa values were calculated using Schr\u00f6dinger computational tools. The compounds displayed high lipophilicity AlogP 8.98\u201319.32, while PSA values remained within a narrow range. The calculated pKa values ranged from 7.20 to 10.99. The results demonstrate that both the length and architecture of branched ester chains significantly influence nanoparticle size, homogeneity, and stability, highlighting branched-chain 1,4-DHP amphiphiles as promising synthetic lipid candidates for further development of delivery systems after evaluation of biological properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31071161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:34:08Z","timestamp":1774974848000},"page":"1161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design, Synthesis, and Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic 1,4-Dihydropyridines Containing Branched Ester Moieties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Davis","family":"Lacis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martins","family":"Rucins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0962-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadiia","family":"Pikun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6827-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruslans","family":"Muhamadejevs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8558-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlis","family":"Pajuste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8746-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Plotniece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juris","family":"Jansons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4753-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zajakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadij","family":"Sobolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2187-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiva","family":"Plotniece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Konsula 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16982","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04996","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles\u2500From Liposomes to MRNA Vaccine Delivery, a Landscape of Research Diversity and Advancement","volume":"15","author":"Tenchov","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swetha, K., Kotla, N.G., Tunki, L., Jayaraj, A., Bhargava, S.K., Hu, H., Bonam, S.R., and Kurapati, R. (2023). Recent Advances in the Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of MRNA Vaccines. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202302.0142.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06812","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202506812","article-title":"Recent Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles: Nucleic Acid Therapeutics and Targeting Strategies","volume":"21","author":"Sarmah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100305","article-title":"Exploring the Landscape of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs): A Comprehensive Review of LNPs Types and Biological Sources of Lipids","volume":"8","author":"Alfutaimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12217","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S548088","article-title":"Current Advances in Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Zeinali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-025-00799-5","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Nanobots and Nanocarriers in Cancer Treatment","volume":"41","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101583","article-title":"Advances in Targeted Therapy for Tumor with Nanocarriers: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04170-x","article-title":"The Modification of Conventional Liposomes for Targeted Antimicrobial Delivery to Treat Infectious Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Okafor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"100478","article-title":"Liposomal Antimicrobials in the Ight Gainst Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens: Clinical Successes and Development Hallenges","volume":"11","author":"Kenaan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113907","article-title":"Functional Lipid Nanoparticles for Safe Delivery of Macromolecular Antibiotics to Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"384","author":"Ang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203033","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202203033","article-title":"High-Precision Synthesis of RNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"12","author":"Seo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12181","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00244","article-title":"Lipids and Lipid Derivatives for RNA Delivery","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00596","article-title":"A Potent Branched-Tail Lipid Nanoparticle Enables Multiplexed MRNA Delivery and Gene Editing In Vivo","volume":"20","author":"Hajj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19952","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP02309A","article-title":"The Effect of the Cation Alkyl Chain Branching on Mutual Solubilities with Water and Toxicities","volume":"16","author":"Kurnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200071","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202200071","article-title":"Branching Ionizable Lipids Can Enhance the Stability, Fusogenicity, and Functional Delivery of MRNA","volume":"3","author":"Hashiba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122279","article-title":"Branched Hydrophobic Tails in Lipid Nanoparticles Enhance MRNA Delivery for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"301","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301929","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301929","article-title":"A Combinatorial Library of Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell Type-Specific MRNA Delivery","volume":"10","author":"Naidu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70414","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70414","article-title":"Design Strategies for Novel Lipid Nanoparticle for MRNA Vaccine and Therapeutics: Current Understandings and Future Perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21317","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c02239","article-title":"Probing Different Lengths of the Tertiary Amine Head Group on Triglyceride-Mimetic Ionizable Lipid-Mediated SiRNA Delivery","volume":"67","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(00)00327-8","article-title":"Novel Cationic Amphiphilic 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives for DNA Delivery","volume":"1509","author":"Plotniece","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nj00272a","article-title":"Gene Delivery Agents Possessing Antiradical Activity: Self-Assembling Cationic Amphiphilic 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives","volume":"37","author":"Pajuste","year":"2013","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29253","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04589C","article-title":"1,4-Dihydropyridine: Synthetic Advances, Medicinal and Insecticidal Properties","volume":"12","author":"Parthiban","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14058","article-title":"In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Docking Study of Novel Symmetric and Asymmetric Dihydropyridines and Pyridines as EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors","volume":"100","author":"Mansour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2174\/0113852728264228231013074432","article-title":"1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: An Overview of Synthesis Conditions and Biological Tests","volume":"27","author":"Thomasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6174","DOI":"10.1039\/D5OB00409H","article-title":"Multistep Synthesis of Cationic Lipid-like Compounds Based on a Difluorotetrahydropyridine Scaffold as Amphiphilic Nanocarriers","volume":"23","author":"Kaukulis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8413713","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8413713","article-title":"Pleiotropic Properties of Amphiphilic Dihydropyridines, Dihydropyridones, and Aminovinylcarbonyl Compounds","volume":"2020","author":"Rucins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52685-1","article-title":"A Careful Look at Lipid Nanoparticle Characterization: Analysis of Benchmark Formulations for Encapsulation of RNA Cargo Size Gradient","volume":"14","author":"Schober","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2013.09.130","article-title":"An Efficient Synthesis of \u03b2-Ketoesters via Transesterification and Its Application in Biginelli Reaction under Solvent-Free, Catalyst-Free Conditions","volume":"54","author":"Acharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaukulis, M., Rucins, M., Lacis, D., Plotniece, A., and Sobolev, A. (2024). Development of Self-Assembling Bis-1,4-Dihydropyridines: Detailed Studies of Bromination of Four Methyl Groups and Bromine Nucleophilic Substitution. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29010161"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8041","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16098041","article-title":"Intramolecular C-H\u22efO Hydrogen Bonding in 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives","volume":"16","author":"Petrova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10593-014-1414-6","article-title":"Spectral and Quantum-Chemical Study of Nonequivalence of Methylene Protons in 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives","volume":"49","author":"Petrova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Heterocycl. Compd."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krapivina, A., Lacis, D., Rucins, M., Plotniece, M., Pajuste, K., Sobolev, A., and Plotniece, A. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Amphiphilic N-Benzyl 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives\u2014Evaluation of Lipid Monolayer and Self-Assembling Properties. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124206"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rucins, M., Dimitrijevs, P., Pajuste, K.K., Petrichenko, O., Jackevica, L., Gulbe, A., Kibilda, S., Smits, K., Plotniece, M., and Tirzite, D. (2019). Contribution of Molecular Structure to Self-Assembling and Biological Properties of Bifunctional Lipid-Like 4-(N-Alkylpyridinium)-1,4-Dihydropyridines. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11030115"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2014.09.008","article-title":"Preparation of Liposomes at Large Scale Using the Ethanol Injection Method: Effect of Scale-up and Injection Devices","volume":"94","author":"Charcosset","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.067371","article-title":"Influence of Chain Length and Unsaturation on Sphingomyelin Bilayers","volume":"90","author":"Vattulainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3390\/applnano4040017","article-title":"Oral Delivery of MRNA by Liposomes Functionalized with Cell-Penetrating Peptides","volume":"4","author":"Wohlfart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, LLC (2024). Schr\u00f6dinger Release 2024-4: Maestro, Schr\u00f6dinger, LLC."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, LLC (2024). Schr\u00f6dinger Release 2024-4: Jaguar PKa, Schr\u00f6dinger, LLC."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"265","article-title":"Effect of Zeta Potential on the Properties of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems\u2014A Review (Part 2)","volume":"12","author":"Honary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska, A., da Ana, R., Fonseca, J., Szalata, M., Wielgus, K., Fathi, F., Oliveira, M.B.P.P., Staszewski, R., Karczewski, J., and Souto, E.B. (2023). Phytocannabinoids: Chromatographic Screening of Cannabinoids and Loading into Lipid Nanoparticles. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062875"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.1022","article-title":"Drug-like Properties and Fraction Lipophilicity Index as a Combined Metric","volume":"9","author":"Demopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"ADMET DMPK"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wardecki, D., Do\u0142owy, M., and Bober-Majnusz, K. (2023). Assessment of Lipophilicity Parameters of Antimicrobial and Immunosuppressive Compounds. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062820"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3714","DOI":"10.1021\/jm000942e","article-title":"Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties","volume":"43","author":"Ertl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCBDD.2013.052195","article-title":"Analysing Molecular Polar Surface Descriptors to Predict Blood-Brain Barrier Permeation","volume":"6","author":"Shityakov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(00)00107-6","article-title":"Drug-like Properties and the Causes of Poor Solubility and Poor Permeability","volume":"44","author":"Lipinski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.03.002","article-title":"The Importance of Apparent PKa in the Development of Nanoparticles Encapsulating SiRNA and MRNA","volume":"42","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114416","article-title":"The Role of Lipid Components in Lipid Nanoparticles for Vaccines and Gene Therapy","volume":"188","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2021.1951223","article-title":"Crosstalk of Physiological PH and Chemical PKa under the Umbrella of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Gaohua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00487303","article-title":"Equilibrium NH-Acidity of 1,4-Dihydropyridines and 4,5-Dihydroindeno[1,2-b]Pyridines","volume":"25","author":"Vigante","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chem. Heterocycl. Compd."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2954-3_5","article-title":"Ethanol Injection Method for Liposome Preparation","volume":"2622","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/7\/1161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:15:50Z","timestamp":1775276150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/7\/1161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31071161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31071161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}}}