{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:59:46Z","timestamp":1790373586636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61971274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62571308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62571308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["61971274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971274"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62171268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171268"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62571308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62571308"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) with atomically dispersed metal sites show great potential in small biomolecule detection. This review first summarizes SAN synthesis (wet chemistry, atomic layer deposition, etc.), structural features (tunable coordination, metal-carrier interactions), and catalytic mechanisms (synergistic effects, d-band modulation). Afterwards, this review focuses on the applications of SANs in detecting small biomolecules, including glucose, glutathione, uric acid, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and dopamine via colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry. Challenges such as matrix interference and stability, along with future directions in flexible electronics and clinical translation, are discussed, aiming to advance SAN-based detection technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31081242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:21:32Z","timestamp":1775737292000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Application of Single-Atom Nanozymes in the Detection of Small Biomolecules: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5551-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01399-3","article-title":"Small molecule metabolites: Discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.12.033","article-title":"Recent advances in the discovery of small molecules targeting glioblastoma","volume":"164","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-015-0118-6","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-production, fate and role in redox signaling of tumor cells","volume":"13","author":"Lennicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1520","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of continuous glucose monitoring and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional evidence","volume":"47","author":"Seidu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, X., Kaminga, A.C., Wen, S.W., Wu, X., Acheampong, K., and Liu, A. (2019). Dopamine and dopamine receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00175"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.05.013","article-title":"Relationship of uric acid with progression of kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Chonchol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, H., Song, L., Wang, X., and Guan, H. (2025). Non-linear relationship between urinary creatinine and diabetic kidney disease: Implications for clinical practice. BMC Nephrol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-03971-1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.13.9367343","article-title":"Role of cysteine and glutathione in HIV infection and other diseases associated with muscle wasting and immunological dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Droge","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9878","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01945","article-title":"Direct quantification and visualization of homocysteine, cysteine, and glutathione in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease model tissues","volume":"93","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2025.61.1.19","article-title":"Biopharmaceutical analysis by HPLC: Practices and challenges","volume":"61","author":"Mahdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chonnam Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6914","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01652","article-title":"Gas chromatography\/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for fingerprinting the Macondo oil spill","volume":"88","author":"Lobodin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02378","article-title":"Single molecule protein detection with attomolar sensitivity using droplet digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04841","article-title":"Recent developments in two-dimensional liquid chromatography: Fundamental improvements for practical applications","volume":"91","author":"Pirok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2022.2117615","article-title":"Unveiling the underpinnings of various non-conventional ELISA variants: A review article","volume":"22","author":"Ahirwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00457A","article-title":"Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): Next-generation artificial enzymes (II)","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2020.08.020","article-title":"Structure and activity of nanozymes: Inspirations for de novo design of nanozymes","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.260","article-title":"Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110422","article-title":"Gold nanozyme: Biosensing and therapeutic activities","volume":"108","author":"Sharifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202217995","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202217995","article-title":"Missing-linker-confined single-atomic Pt nanozymes for enzymatic theranostics of tumor","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.046","article-title":"MnO2 nanosheets as an artificial enzyme to mimic oxidase for rapid and sensitive detection of glutathione","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10328","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4666-y","article-title":"Insights on catalytic mechanism of CeO2 as multiple nanozymes","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104803","article-title":"Fluorescent graphitic carbon nitride and graphene oxide quantum dots as efficient nanozymes: Colorimetric detection of fluoride ion in water by graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots","volume":"9","author":"Devi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16851","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR05015H","article-title":"Artificial hydrolase based on carbon nanotubes conjugated with peptides","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10844","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01005","article-title":"Research progress in iron-based nanozymes: Catalytic mechanisms, classification, and biomedical applications","volume":"95","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00672","article-title":"Nanozymes: Classification, catalytic mechanisms, activity regulation, and applications","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav5490","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav5490","article-title":"Single-atom nanozymes","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313406","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202313406","article-title":"Atomic engineering of single-atom nanozymes for biomedical applications","volume":"36","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107088","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107088","article-title":"A bioinspired five-coordinated single-atom iron nanozyme for tumor catalytic therapy","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.03.040","article-title":"Modulating the local coordination environment of cobalt single-atomic nanozymes for enhanced catalytic therapy against bacteria","volume":"164","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300564","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202300564","article-title":"Single-atom long-range interaction: Basic principles and applications","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410772","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202410772","article-title":"The single atom anchoring strategy: Rational design of MXene-based single-atom catalysts for electrocatalysis","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416563","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202416563","article-title":"Rational design of single-atom nanozymes for combination cancer immunotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137882","article-title":"A dual-mode biosensor featuring single-atom Fe nanozyme for multi-pesticide detection in vegetables","volume":"437","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124870","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive detection of 5-fluorouracil by flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay based on Fenton-like effect of single atom Co nanozyme","volume":"265","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.127131","article-title":"Cu-NC single-atom nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of d-penicillamine","volume":"283","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.159940","article-title":"Single-atom nanozyme immunoassay with electron-rich property for clinical patient cancer detection","volume":"506","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4856-7","article-title":"Recent progress in single-atom nanozymes research","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211724","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211724","article-title":"Current advances on the single-atom nanozyme and its bioapplications","volume":"36","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Cao, Z., Zhao, M., Xu, Y., and Lu, N. (2023). Single-atom Fe nanozyme with enhanced oxidase-like activity for the colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13040487"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202116170","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202116170","article-title":"Guided synthesis of a Mo\/Zn dual single-atom nanozyme with synergistic effect and peroxidase-like activity","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05437","article-title":"Cascade reaction system integrating single-atom nanozymes with abundant Cu sites for enhanced biosensing","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202301879","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202301879","article-title":"Atomic-level regulation of cobalt single-atom nanozymes: Engineering high-efficiency catalase mimics","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18643","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c08581","article-title":"Thermal atomization of platinum nanoparticles into single atoms: An effective strategy for engineering high-performance nanozymes","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60015-w","article-title":"Provoking tumor disulfidptosis by single-atom nanozyme via regulating cellular energy supply and reducing power","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9366","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01623","article-title":"Mn single-atom nanozymes with superior loading capability and superb superoxide dismutase-like activity for bioassay","volume":"95","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7018","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c01200","article-title":"Single-atom catalysts designed and prepared by the atomic layer deposition technique","volume":"11","author":"Fonseca","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c00146","article-title":"Supported single Fe atoms prepared via atomic layer deposition for catalytic reactions","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146300","article-title":"Single atom Rh-sensitized SnO2 via atomic layer deposition for efficient formaldehyde detection","volume":"475","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13090","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c02875","article-title":"TiO2 nanoflowers decorated with FeOx nanocluster and single atoms by atomic layer deposition for peroxidase-mimicking nanozymes","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(17)62903-6","article-title":"Single atom catalyst by atomic layer deposition technique","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302587","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202302587","article-title":"An immunomodulatory biomimetic single-atomic nanozyme for biofilm wound healing management","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13205","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08101","article-title":"Accelerated catalytic ozonation in a mesoporous carbon-supported atomic Fe-N4 sites nanoreactor: Confinement effect and resistance to poisoning","volume":"57","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2309669","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309669","article-title":"Low-temperature adaptive single-atom iron nanozymes against viruses in the cold chain","volume":"36","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140094","article-title":"Single-atom nanozymes for antibacterial applications","volume":"456","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-021-00609-x","article-title":"Matching the kinetics of natural enzymes with a single-atom iron nanozyme","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2310033","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310033","article-title":"Employing noble metal-porphyrins to engineer robust and highly active single-atom nanozymes for targeted catalytic therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c01846","article-title":"Regulating second coordination shell of Ce atom site and reshaping of carrier enable single-atom nanozyme to efficiently express oxidase-like activity","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33098-y","article-title":"Depletable peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4 nanozymes accompanied with separate migration of electrons and iron ions","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412368","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412368","article-title":"Fine-tuning the d-band center position of zinc to increase the anti-tumor activity of single-atom nanozymes","volume":"36","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c00630","article-title":"Unleashing the potential of single-atom nanozymes: Catalysts for the future","volume":"9","author":"Hamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9741","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC03522J","article-title":"Atomic engineering of single-atom nanozymes for enzyme-like catalysis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11552","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b05075","article-title":"Nanozyme-based bandage with single-atom catalysis for brain trauma","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201905645","article-title":"When nanozymes meet single-atom catalysis","volume":"59","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102485","article-title":"Single-atom nanozymes and environmental catalysis: A perspective","volume":"294","author":"Kandathil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04944","article-title":"Regulating the N coordination environment of Co single-atom nanozymes for highly efficient oxidase mimics","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-05077-9","article-title":"Single-atom Fe nanozymes with excellent oxidase-like and laccase-like activity for colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid and hydroquinone","volume":"416","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.4c02651","article-title":"Defect-engineered CoFe layered double hydroxide quantum dots: Oxygen vacancy-driven boost in peroxidase-mimic catalysis for multiplex biomarker sensing","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207666","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207666","article-title":"Geometric tuning of single-atom FeN4 sites via edge-generation enhances multi-enzymatic properties","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502664","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202502664","article-title":"Low-coordination configuration single-atom manganese nanozymes for NIR-imaging-oriented efficient catalytic oncotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-023-1677-4","article-title":"Ensemble of single-atom catalysis and defect engineering in Cu1\/CeO2 nanozymes for tumor therapy","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43541","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c08978","article-title":"Fe single-atom nanozyme-modified wearable hydrogel patch for precise analysis of uric acid at rest","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2024.102327","article-title":"Cu\u2013N\u2013C single-atom nanozyme as an ultrasensitive sensing platform for \u03b1-glucosidase detection","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13194","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202513194","article-title":"The rational design of Pt single atoms-bridged nanozyme with enhancing direct electron transfer pathway for glucose oxidation","volume":"36","author":"Qileng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2022.116024","article-title":"Cobalt single atom sites in carbon aerogels for ultrasensitive enzyme-free electrochemical detection of glucose","volume":"906","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05284-y","article-title":"Tailoring the d-band center on Ru1Cu single-atom alloy nanotubes for boosting electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing","volume":"416","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207240","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202207240","article-title":"boosting electrochemical catalysis and nonenzymatic sensing toward glucose by single-atom Pt supported on Cu@CuO core\u2013shell nanowires","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901485","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201901485","article-title":"Single-atom nanozyme based on nanoengineered Fe-N-C catalyst with superior peroxidase-like activity for ultrasensitive bioassays","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002343","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202002343","article-title":"Single iron site nanozyme for ultrasensitive glucose detection","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11309","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c01866","article-title":"Iron, nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels for fluorescent and electrochemical dual-mode detection of glucose","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c00444","article-title":"Glucose oxidase-like rhodium single-atom nanozymes: A mimic platform for biometabolism and electrometabolism of glucose oxidation at neutral pH","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NH00024B","article-title":"Green synthesis of iron-doped graphene quantum dots: An efficient nanozyme for glucose sensing","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101557","article-title":"NIR-triggered and glucose-powered hollow mesoporous Mo-based single-atom nanozymes for cascade chemodynamic diabetic infection therapy","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504434","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202504434","article-title":"Ir\/CeO2 single-atom nanoislands as an atomic-nano system for highly efficient self-cascade glucose oxidase and peroxidase mimics","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05226-8","article-title":"Synergistically enhancing electrocatalysis and non-enzymatic sensing for glucose by iridium single-atom\/nickel oxide\/N-doped graphene","volume":"416","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05758-3","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of uric acid in human serum based on ultrasmall Ta2O5 nanoparticle anchored Pt atom with ultrahigh uricase and catalase activities","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07494-2","article-title":"Dual enzyme-mimetic activity of graphene oxide framework encapsulated copper-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles for uricase-free colorimetric detection of uric acid","volume":"192","author":"Baruah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50123-4","article-title":"Metal-ligand dual-site single-atom nanozyme mimicking urate oxidase with high substrates specificity","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-024-03199-z","article-title":"Detection of uric acid using colorimetric method based on iron-doped single-atom catalyst with peroxidase activity","volume":"155","author":"Rui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Monatshefte Chem.-Chem. Mon."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.04.110","article-title":"Iron-carbon dots embedded in molybdenum single-atom nanoflowers as multifunctional nanozyme for dual-mode detection of hydrogen peroxide and uric acid","volume":"667","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-020-00536-9","article-title":"Single-atom cobalt-based electrochemical biomimetic uric acid sensor with wide linear range and ultralow detection limit","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6273","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c06213","article-title":"Co single-atom nanozymes for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of uric acid and dopamine in biofluids","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"100514","article-title":"Tuning the rate-determining step of uric acid electrooxidation over single-atom-site metal centers for high-performing sensing","volume":"3","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Catal."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128076","article-title":"Highly accessible Fe\u2013N\u2013C single-atom nanozymes with enhanced oxidase-like activity for smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection of uric acid","volume":"293","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1039\/D4QI00573B","article-title":"Copper doping boosts the catalase-like activity of atomically precise gold nanoclusters for cascade reactions combined with urate oxidase in the ZIF-8 matrix","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42889-w","article-title":"Bioinspired porous three-coordinated single-atom Fe nanozyme with oxidase-like activity for tumor visual identification via glutathione","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64286","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c18057","article-title":"Dual-mode biosensing strategy leveraging single-atom Fe nanozyme for cellular glutathione detection","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9507","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c00987","article-title":"Molecular network-bearing Fe-N-C single-atom nanozymes for monitoring intracellular glutathione fluctuations","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yan, J., Huang, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, H., Fu, L., Li, X., and Jin, Y. (2021). Single-atom Fe-anchored nano-diamond with enhanced dual-enzyme mimicking performance for H2O2 and glutathione detection. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.790849"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11252","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CC03590E","article-title":"Distinct dual enzyme-like activities of Fe-N-C single-atom nanozymes enable discriminative detection of cellular glutathione","volume":"59","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1251","article-title":"FeNC single atom nanozymes with dual enzyme-mimicking activities for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide and glutathione","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.202000383","article-title":"Advances in single-atom nanozymes research","volume":"39","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14308","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02853","article-title":"Oxidase-like ZnCoFe three-atom nanozyme as a colorimetric platform for ascorbic acid sensing","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11994","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b02901","article-title":"Fe-N-C single-atom nanozymes for the intracellular hydrogen peroxide detection","volume":"91","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c01301","article-title":"Cobalt single-atom nanozyme co-administration with ascorbic acid enables redox imbalance for tumor catalytic ablation","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"3107","article-title":"Natural enzyme-inspired design of the single-atom Cu nanozyme as dual-enzyme mimics for distinguishing total antioxidant capacity and the ascorbic acid level","volume":"96","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135017","article-title":"A colorimetric smartphone-based sensor for on-site AA detection in tropical fruits using Fe-P\/NC single-atom nanoenzyme","volume":"406","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2023.341221","article-title":"Oxidase-like Fe-N\/C single atom nanozyme enables sensitive detection of ascorbic acid and acid phosphatase","volume":"1265","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6629","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR00488K","article-title":"Rh single-atom nanozymes for efficient ascorbic acid oxidation and detection","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1080\/02678292.2020.1758970","article-title":"Functionalised liquid crystal microfibers for hydrogen peroxide and catalase detection using whispering gallery mode","volume":"47","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38053","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c13277","article-title":"Curved carbon-supported dual-atom nanozyme with ascorbic acid oxidase activity for cascade tumor catalytic therapy","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105873","article-title":"Intrinsic catalase-mimicking MOFzyme for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and ferric ions","volume":"163","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c01445","article-title":"Catalase-like Fe nanoparticles and single atoms catalysts with boosted activity and stability of oxygen reduction for pesticide detection","volume":"96","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11984","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c01587","article-title":"Single-atom Ru biomimetic nanozyme for the electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"7","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chioti, V., and Zervoudakis, G. (2017). Is root catalase a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase?. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6020039"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100664","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100664","article-title":"Single-atomic site catalyst with heme enzymes-like active sites for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.06.027","article-title":"Peroxidase-like activity of Fe-N-C single-atom nanozyme based colorimetric detection of galactose","volume":"1128","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00661-z","article-title":"Iron-imprinted single-atomic site catalyst-based nanoprobe for detection of hydrogen peroxide in living cells","volume":"13","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124171","article-title":"Single-atom nanozymes Co-N-C as an electrochemical sensor for detection of bioactive molecules","volume":"254","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342627","article-title":"A flexible self-supported electrochemical sensor Co-NC\/PS@CC for real-time detection of cell-released H2O2","volume":"1307","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209399","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202209399","article-title":"Geometric and electronic structure-matched superoxide dismutase-like and catalase-like sequential single-atom nanozymes for osteoarthritis recession","volume":"33","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113589","article-title":"Fe-Ni dual-single atoms nanozyme with high peroxidase-like activity for sensitive colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode detection of cholesterol","volume":"232","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansberg, W. (2022). Monofunctional heme-catalases. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112173"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2405986","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202405986","article-title":"Copper single-atom nanozyme mimicking galactose oxidase with superior catalytic activity and selectivity","volume":"20","author":"Hamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52279-5","article-title":"Inflammation-free electrochemical in vivo sensing of dopamine with atomic-level engineered antioxidative single-atom catalyst","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.136969","article-title":"A dual-signal sensing platform based on single atomic iron-nitrogen-carbon nanozyme for the detection of neurodegenerative disease-related bioactive molecules acetylcholinesterase and dopamine","volume":"425","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13289","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR01737K","article-title":"DNA-modulated single-atom nanozymes with enhanced enzyme-like activity for ultrasensitive detection of dopamine","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7954","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c01278","article-title":"Isolated cobalt atoms on N-doped carbon as nanozymes for hydrogen peroxide and dopamine detection","volume":"4","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c05191","article-title":"Single-atom ruthenium biomimetic enzyme for simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid","volume":"93","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9949","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02232","article-title":"Two-dimensional-plasmon-boosted iron single-atom electrochemiluminescence for the ultrasensitive detection of dopamine, hemin, and mercury","volume":"93","author":"Bushira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, F.X., Zheng, Y., and Occhipinti, L.G. (2024). Single atom molybdenum nanozyme constructed electrochemical flexible chips for sensitive sensing of dopamine. 2024 IEEE BioSensors Conference, Biosensors, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioSensors61405.2024.10712664"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/8\/1242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:22:46Z","timestamp":1775737366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/8\/1242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31081242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31081242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}