{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:21:36Z","timestamp":1776673296943,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the production and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-chitosan (CS)-based nanoparticles loaded with vitamin E (VitE) and ephedrine (Ep) via electrospraying for intranasal drug delivery in narcolepsy treatment. The nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using optimized parameters (15.5 kV voltage, 0.3 mL\/h flow rate, 25 G needle size, and 14 cm distance). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the formation of spherical particles with an average size of 350\u2013500 nm, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping revealed a homogeneous elemental distribution with oxygen (51.74%), silicon (24.48%), carbon (6.47%), zinc (6.08%), and aluminum (3.82%). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the successful encapsulation of VitE and Ep through characteristic peaks at 3285 cm\u22121 (OH stretching), 1731 cm\u22121 (C=O stretching), and 1086 cm\u22121 (C-O-C stretching). In vitro drug release analysis indicated a controlled and sustained release profile, with cumulative VitE and Ep release reaching 78.6% and 84.3%, respectively, over 48 h in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Antioxidant activity assessment using the DPPH assay confirmed an R2 value of 18.84 \u00b5g\/mL, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging potential. The antibacterial activity, tested via the disk diffusion method, exhibited inhibition zones of 18.31 \u00b1 5.8 mm (E. coli) and 21.51 \u00b1 1.57 mm (S. aureus), confirming strong antimicrobial properties. These findings suggest that the developed electrosprayed PVA\/CS nanoparticles loaded with VitE and Ep offer a promising intranasal delivery system with enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial properties, making them a viable candidate for narcolepsy treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31081330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1776669308000},"page":"1330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Production of Chitosan-PVA Coated Vitamin E and Ephedrine Nanoparticles Using Electrospraying for the Treatment of Narcolepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5390-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asude Bilge","family":"Yakut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9339-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse Betul","family":"Bingol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"},{"name":"Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9574-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Busra","family":"Oktay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"},{"name":"Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3062-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Ciftci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f University, Zeytinburnu 34015, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Biomedical Electronic Design Application and Research Center (BETAM), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f University, Istanbul 34015, Turkey"},{"name":"BioriginAI Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak\u0131f University, Zeytinburnu 34015, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cem Bulent","family":"Ustundag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"},{"name":"Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Akif","family":"K\u0131z\u0131lkurtlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlas University, Istanbul 34403, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.10.002","article-title":"Pitolisant Nanofibers: A Promising Frontier in Drug Delivery for Narcolepsy\u2014Formulation, Optimisation, and Characterization Insights","volume":"6","author":"Nandhini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. 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