{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:56Z","timestamp":1785437936258,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11804392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11804392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["11804392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11804392"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010244","name":"Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2462017YJRC029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2462017YJRC029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010244","name":"Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZX20190163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX20190163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010244","name":"Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2462018BJC005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2462018BJC005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2462017YJRC029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2462017YJRC029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041qf4r12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ZX20190163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX20190163"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041qf4r12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2462018BJC005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2462018BJC005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041qf4r12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University-Industry Collaborative Education Program","award":["201901066031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201901066031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To elucidate the influence of water on terahertz (THz) spectral responses, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was employed to monitor the thermal decomposition of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate in this study. Continuous dehydration of the hydrate induces pronounced variations in the THz signal. At the initial stage of thermal decomposition, these changes primarily originate from the evolving state and amount of water confined within the CuSO4\u00b75H2O lattice. After detaching from the crystalline framework, the released water molecules do not evaporate immediately; instead, they transiently reside near the copper sulfate as free water. When the temperature reaches approximately 60 \u00b0C, a dynamic equilibrium is established between crystalline water and free water. The THz spectral data reveal that the sample exhibits its strongest THz absorption at this temperature. Consequently, the THz signal during decomposition displays a characteristic trend: an initial decrease followed by an enhancement. These findings demonstrate that THz-TDS represents a promising approach for probing the state and content of water, thereby contributing to the development of a powerful analytical tool for fundamental studies in mineralogy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31081342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1776669308000},"page":"1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Sensitivity Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopic Characterization of the Thermal Evolution of Hydrated Copper Sulfate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yuqiu","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2701-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2010.08.009","article-title":"Effect of CuO on the Formation of Clinker Minerals and the Hydration Properties","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. 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