{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:57:40Z","timestamp":1785427060476,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004881","name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R-2024-3601-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-2024-3601-203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R-2024-3601-203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-2024-3601-203"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xddgg98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Annona cherimola is a plant species widely used in Mexican traditional medicine, particularly in the management of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic properties of the petroleum ether extract of A. cherimola leaves (PEEAcL), as well as to evaluate their effects on glycated hemoglobin and toxicity. In addition, the work was directed to determine its potential as an SGLT-1 and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitor. The effect as a potential SGLT-1 and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitor of PEEAcL was evaluated utilizing intestinal glucose absorption (IGA), oral glucose tolerance (OGT), oral sucrose tolerance (OST) and intestinal sucrose hydrolysis (ISH) tests. PEEAcL administered at doses of 200 mg\/kg showed significant antihyperglycemic activity after 1 h of treatment, and the maximum effect was seen at 4 h in male and female diabetic mice. In the OST, OLT, and OGT tests, PEEAcL generated a reduction in the postprandial glucose peak at 2 h after the administration of a carbohydrate load, showing an effect comparable to that of acarbose and canagliflozin. In the IGA trial, PEEAcL significantly reduced glucose uptake in the small intestine. Similarly, in the ISH, PEEAcL recorded a significant reduction in glucose concentration in the external aqueous medium. Taken together, these results suggest that the antihyperglycemic effect of PEEAcL could be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of SGLT-1 and the enzyme \u03b1-glucosidase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:04:59Z","timestamp":1776963899000},"page":"1393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding the Antihyperglycemic Activity of Annona cherimola Leaves. An Edible and Medicinal Plant in Mexico: In Vivo and Ex-Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Calzada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Farmacolog\u00eda, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, 2\u00b0 Piso CORSE, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0239-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoseth L.","family":"Ruedaflores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Farmacolog\u00eda, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, 2\u00b0 Piso CORSE, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06725, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tom\u00e1s, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2471-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Elena","family":"Mendieta-Wejebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tom\u00e1s, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2673-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesica","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Farmacolog\u00eda, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, 2\u00b0 Piso CORSE, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06725, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tom\u00e1s, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Farmacolog\u00eda, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, 2\u00b0 Piso CORSE, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Mexico City 06725, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tom\u00e1s, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Calz. del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Villa Quietud, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Farmacia, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito exHacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Atocpan, San Agustin Tlaxcala 42076, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Salvador D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tom\u00e1s, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Magliano, D.J., and Boyko, E.J. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [10th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/fmdiabetes.org\/atlas-idf-10o-edicion-2021\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). Economic Cost of Diabetes in the US. in 2017. Diabetes Care, 41, 917\u2013928.","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0007"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399819666230413094200","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes in India: A review of IDF diabetes atlas 10th edition","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2026, January 08). 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