{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T19:55:55Z","timestamp":1781553355231,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemia is a major global public health problem and is most commonly associated with iron deficiency; however, deficiencies in other micronutrients, including vitamin B12, may also contribute to its development. Increasing evidence suggests that Helicobacter pylori infection may influence the occurrence of anemia through several mechanisms related to alterations in the gastric environment. Chronic gastric inflammation and increased gastric pH associated with H. pylori infection may impair the absorption of non-heme iron and reduce the concentration of vitamin C in gastric juice. Since vitamin C enhances iron bioavailability by reducing ferric iron (Fe3+) to the more absorbable ferrous form (Fe2+), decreased levels of this vitamin may further limit iron absorption. At the same time, the increase in gastric pH may hinder the release of vitamin B12 from food proteins, potentially contributing to disturbances in its absorption. This review aimed to present an integrated overview of the relationships between H. pylori infection, alterations in the gastric environment, and mechanisms that may contribute to the development of anemia, including disturbances in vitamin B12 absorption, with particular emphasis on the potential role of vitamin C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1777018082000},"page":"1406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Helicobacter pylori Infection and Anemia: The Potential Role of Vitamin C and Vitamin B12"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8188-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7887-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wr\u00f3blewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5056-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"D\u0142ugosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 3 Seminaryjna St., 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Pater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Collegium Maius, 10 Fredry St., 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Biochemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Nutrition, International Academy of Clinical Nutrition (A.I.N.C.), Via Merulana 13, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4492-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bvth.2024.100023","article-title":"Efficacy of Vitamin C with Fe Supplementation in Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Vessel. 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