{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:22:05Z","timestamp":1785435725676,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92061202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92061202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U22A20387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20387"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["92061202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92061202"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Province Science and Technology Project Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022H0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022H0041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Province Science and Technology Project Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024H0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024H0032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Self-Deployment Project Research Program of Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["CXZX-2022-GH11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZX-2022-GH11"]}]},{"award":["CXZX-2022-GH11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZX-2022-GH11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034t30j35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we elaborately designed two nickel(II) Schiff base complexes (NiL and NiL\u2019) with different \u03c0-conjugated systems (benzene vs. naphthalene) to prepare uniform metallopolymer films with nickel(II) chelates as repeating units on ITO substrates through oxidative electropolymerization. The \u03c0-conjugation extending from the benzene moiety to the naphthalene moiety greatly enhances the electron delocalization of the metallopolymer film, resulting in a significant increase in optical contrast from 25% ([NiL]n) to 80% ([NiL\u2019]n). The solid-state electrochromic devices based on metallopolymer film [NiL\u2019]n achieved a transmittance modulation of 71% and an electrochromic efficiency of 268.58 cm2 C\u22121. This work provides an effective strategy for developing low-cost and high-performance non-precious metal electrochromic materials through ligand conjugation engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31091433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:49:36Z","timestamp":1777362576000},"page":"1433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing the Conjugation of Nickel(II) Schiff Bases for High-Contrast Electrochromism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jia-Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Rong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3589-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong-Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.08.038","article-title":"Unveiling the diffusion-controlled operation mechanism of all-in-one type electrochromic supercapacitors: Overcoming slow dynamic response with ternary gel electrolytes","volume":"43","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902066","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902066","article-title":"Smart Windows: Electro-, Thermo-, Mechano-, Photochromics, and Beyond","volume":"9","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2019.04.028","article-title":"MXene-conducting polymer electrochromic microsupercapacitors","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101944","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101944","article-title":"Electropolymerized 1D Growth Coordination Polymer for Hybrid Electrochromic Aqueous Zinc Battery","volume":"8","author":"Poh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000082","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000082","article-title":"A Review on Recent Advances in Electrochromic Devices: A Material Approach","volume":"22","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.09.020","article-title":"The role of window glazing on daylighting and energy saving in buildings","volume":"42","author":"Hee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2015.09.040","article-title":"Solar energy materials for glazing technologies","volume":"144","author":"Gorgolis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8011","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9011","article-title":"A chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive colour changing controlled by tactile sensing","volume":"6","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200305038","article-title":"The First Truly All-Polymer Electrochromic Devices","volume":"15","author":"Argun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-062910-100344","article-title":"Electrochromic Materials","volume":"41","author":"Mortimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ms.16.080186.001153","article-title":"Electrochromic Materials","volume":"16","author":"Oi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-080615-034647","article-title":"Switchable Materials for Smart Windows","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2004.09.027","article-title":"Near infrared electrochromism of lutetium phthalocyanine","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2025.113736","article-title":"Multicolored electrochromic metallopolymers based on triphenylamine-substituted terpyridine coordination with transition metal ions","volume":"290","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.3c04307","article-title":"Electrochromic Smart Window Based on Transition-Metal Phthalocyanine Derivatives","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2021.115479","article-title":"Double-decker lutetium phthalocyanine functionalized with 4-phenylthiazol-2-thiol moieties: Synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry and electrochromism","volume":"209","author":"Budak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15041","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT03232H","article-title":"Yellow-to-brown and yellow-to-green electrochromic devices based on complexes of transition metal ions with a triphenylamine-based ligand","volume":"49","author":"Banasz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201203657","article-title":"On-Substrate Preparation of an Electroactive Conjugated Polyazomethine from Solution-Processable Monomers and its Application in Electrochromic Devices","volume":"23","author":"Sicard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21673","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06699","article-title":"Highly Resolved Nanostructured PEDOT on Large Areas by Nanosphere Lithography and Electrodeposition","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14920","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9047009","article-title":"Grafting Oligothiophenes on Surfaces by Diazonium Electroreduction: A Step toward Ultrathin Junction with Well-Defined Metal\/Oligomer Interface","volume":"131","author":"Stockhausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19218","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b05456","article-title":"Grafting \u03c0-Conjugated Oligomers Incorporating 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Thiophene Units on Surfaces by Diazonium Electroreduction","volume":"119","author":"Stockhausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19053","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ra00721b","article-title":"On-substrate polymerization\u2014A versatile approach for preparing conjugated polymers suitable as electrochromes and for metal ion sensing","volume":"4","author":"Skene","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.03.131","article-title":"One-step achieving high performance all-solid-state and all-in-one flexible electrochromic supercapacitor by polymer dispersed electrochromic device strategy","volume":"665","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150473","article-title":"Thermal Cross-Linking preparation of Aqueous-Based cathodic films for enhanced stability in organic electrochromic devices","volume":"487","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC08924K","article-title":"Thermo- and electro-dual responsive poly(ionic liquid) electrolyte based smart windows","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1039\/c2py21076b","article-title":"Plastic reusable pH indicator strips: Preparation via anion-exchange of poly(ionic liquids) with anionic dyes","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9381","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b04827","article-title":"Unprecedented Self-Organized Monolayer of a Ru(II) Complex by Diazonium Electroreduction","volume":"138","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1021\/la052696l","article-title":"Surface Modification of Indium Tin Oxide via Electrochemical Reduction of Aryldiazonium Cations","volume":"22","author":"Maldonado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202205796","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202205796","article-title":"Electrochemical Preparation of Porous Organic Polymer Films for High-Performance Memristors","volume":"61","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200801094","article-title":"A Novel Neutral State Green Polymeric Electrochromic with Superior n- and p-Doping Processes: Closer to Red-Blue-Green (RGB) Display Realization","volume":"18","author":"Cihaner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2010.03.013","article-title":"Synthesis and electropolymerization of 1,2-bis(thiophen-3-ylmethoxy)benzene and its electrochromic properties and electrochromic device application","volume":"12","author":"Ak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2007.10.098","article-title":"Fine tuning of color via copolymerization and its electrochromic device application","volume":"516","author":"Camurlu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seddiki, I., Maris, T., and Skene, W.G. (2026). Violet Anthraquinone for Expanding the Color Palette of Electrochromes with Three Discrete Colors and Full Color Bleaching. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31050879"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14231","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b01977","article-title":"High-Performance Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly[Ni(salen)]-Type Polymer Films","volume":"8","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Tan, R., Nazir, M., Li, J., and Song, W. (2026). Research Progress on the Preparation and Performance of Nickel Oxide Electrochromic Films. Nanoenergy Adv., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nanoenergyadv6010010"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2018.09.043","article-title":"Mononuclear Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of bis(naphthalen-2-ol) Schiff base ligands","volume":"484","author":"Grundhoefer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2022.110295","article-title":"\u03c0-\u03c0 stacking controlled photochromic\/thermochromic properties of salicylaldehyde Schiff base in solid state","volume":"202","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Han, L., Geng, J., Hua, J., and Wang, Z. (2020). Metal-Ligand Coordination Induced Ionochromism for \u03c0-Conjugated Materials. Front. Chem., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.589106"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2016.05.021","article-title":"Antiferro- to ferromagnetic crossover in diphenoxido bridged NiII2MnII complexes derived from N2O2 donor Schiff base ligands","volume":"117","author":"Seth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-005-7282-7","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of some linear trinuclear schiff base complexes with acetate bridges","volume":"86","author":"Ergun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0909","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0909","article-title":"High-Efficiency and High-Capacity Aqueous Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices Enabled by Decoupled Titanium Oxide\/Viologen Derivative Hybrid Materials","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(03)00079-1","article-title":"Electrochemical polymerization of 2-methoxynaphthalene","volume":"139","author":"Geschke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"71","article-title":"Electrode material promoted dehydrogenative homo-\/cross-coupling of weakly activated naphthalenes","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576714022985","article-title":"Comparison of silver and molybdenum microfocus X-ray sources for single-crystal structure determination","volume":"48","author":"Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889811043202","article-title":"ShelXle: A Qt Graphical User Interface for SHELXL","volume":"44","author":"Hubschle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G.A., and Nakatsuji, H. (2016). Gaussian 16, Gaussian, Inc.. Revision A.03."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-007-0310-x","article-title":"The M06 suite of density functionals for main group thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, noncovalent interactions, excited states, and transition elements: Two new functionals and systematic testing of four M06-class functionals and 12 other functionals","volume":"120","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1063\/1.475855","article-title":"Molecular excitation energies to high-lying bound states from time-dependent density-functional response theory: Characterization and correction of the time-dependent local density approximation ionization threshold","volume":"108","author":"Casida","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8218","DOI":"10.1063\/1.477483","article-title":"An efficient implementation of time-dependent density-functional theory for the calculation of excitation energies of large molecules","volume":"109","author":"Stratmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1063\/1.448799","article-title":"Ab initio effective core potentials for molecular calculations. Potentials for the transition metal atoms Sc to Hg","volume":"82","author":"Hay","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1063\/1.448975","article-title":"Ab initio effective core potentials for molecular calculations. Potentials for K to Au including the outermost core orbitals","volume":"82","author":"Hay","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.05.023","article-title":"An sp-hybridized all-carboatomic ring, cyclo[18]carbon: Electronic structure, electronic spectrum, and optical nonlinearity","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128892","article-title":"All-solid-state electrochromic Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors for intelligent and wide-temperature energy storage","volume":"414","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125628","article-title":"Effect of independently controllable electrolyte ion content on the performance of all-solid-state electrochromic devices","volume":"398","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2024.113193","article-title":"Extraordinarily fast response all-solid-state electrochromic devices","volume":"278","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mate. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201402771","article-title":"From the bottom up--flexible solid state electrochromic devices","volume":"26","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2019.02.013","article-title":"Improved performance and stability of solid state electrochromic devices with eco-friendly chitosan-based electrolytes","volume":"334","author":"Eren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.110354","article-title":"Solution-processable three-dimensional honeycomb-like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanostructure networks with very fast response speed for patterned electrochromic devices","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.01.206","article-title":"Single-layer electrochromic device based on hydroxyalkyl viologens with large contrast and high coloration efficiency","volume":"266","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003574","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003574","article-title":"Transparent Zinc-Mesh Electrodes for Solar-Charging Electrochromic Windows","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2025.102511","article-title":"All-in-one high performance electrochromic device from new photocurable methacrylated viologen and polyaniline\/UiO-66\/NiO\/ZnO composite","volume":"43","author":"Thai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25500","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202525500","article-title":"Metallopolymer Films of a Manganese(II) Chelate with Hexadentate Ligand for High-Performance Electrochromism","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2008.10.012","article-title":"Electrochromic behaviour of Nb2O5 thin films with different morphologies obtained by spray pyrolysis","volume":"93","author":"Romero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H891","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0121610jes","article-title":"Enhanced Electrochromic Performance of Vanadium Pentoxide\/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Film Prepared by the Sol\u2013Gel Method","volume":"163","author":"Zhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.8b01213","article-title":"Design Strategy for Efficient Solution-Processable Red Electrochromic Polymers Based on Unconventional 3,6-Bis(dodecyloxy)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Building Blocks","volume":"51","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.014","article-title":"Dual-electrochromic polymer bearing oligoaniline and viologen pendants: Synthesis and properties","volume":"111","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/9\/1433\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:52:49Z","timestamp":1777362769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/9\/1433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31091433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31091433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]}}}